[63] Hamilton's innovations go beyond the feats of playing an important role in getting humans to the Moon. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. She subsequently developed Alzheimer's disease and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16, 1985 in Salisbury, Connecticut at the age of 82. They married in the late 1950s, after she graduated in mathematics. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 1958. Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 360-361. Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist, Space.com - Margaret H. Hamilton: Apollo Computer Programmer, Wired - Her Code Got Humans on the Moon - And Invented Software Itself, Margaret Hamilton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Margaret Hamilton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The meaning of those almost mysterious codes was available to very few. and he said, 'What else? five.[28]. Dedication and commitment were a given. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. [4] However, in mid-1959, Hamilton began working for Edward Norton Lorenz, in the meteorology department at MIT. Hamilton had prepared for just this situation years before: There was one other failsafe that Hamilton likes to remember. (196566; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down. Would spoof her famous role of The Wicked Witch of The West in a 1976 Paul Lynde Halloween Special for television. Houston! Besides her work in Apollo, she was part of MIT Lincoln Laboratory's Semi-Automatic Ground Environment Air Defense System, or SAGE. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Biography in: "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives". The company was developed around the Universal Systems Language (USL) and its associated automated environment, the 001 Tool Suite, based on her paradigm of development before the fact for systems design and software development.[32][51][52]. skywriting sequence at the Emerald City. [19] She later moved to Millbrook, New York. Only co-star Frank Morgan played more roles (five) in the film. In 1933, Hamilton was invited to repeat her stage role of the sarcastic daughter-in-law in the Broadway play Another Language for the MGM film version. Margaret Elaine Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was severely burned during the "Surrender Dorothy!" Elizabeth first got interested in space after watching the movie Apollo 13 in 1996, and still wants to be an astronaut someday. Margaret Hamilton (educator) (1871-1969), American educator Margaret Hamilton (actress) (1902-1985), American film character actress Margaret Hamilton (software engineer) (born 1936), American software engineer Margaret Hamilton (publisher) (1941-2022), Australian publisher of children's literature [33] The asynchronous executive designed by J. Halcombe Laning[34][30][35] was used by Hamilton's team to develop asynchronous flight software: Because of the flight software's system-software's error detection and recovery techniques that included its system-wide "kill and recompute" from a "safe place" restart approach to its snapshot and rollback techniques, the Display Interface Routines (AKA the priority displays) together with its man-in-the-loop capabilities were able to be created in order to have the capability to interrupt the astronauts' normal mission displays with priority displays of critical alarms in case of an emergency. !' The character is considered to be one of the screen's greatest and most memorable villains of all time. [7] Studio executives cut some of Hamilton's more frightening scenes, worrying they would frighten children too much. The content of the programs was printed on continuous paper and stored in large folders. [37] Jack Garman, a NASA computer engineer in mission control, recognized the meaning of the errors that were presented to the astronauts by the priority displays and shouted, "Go, go!" Daneman's nephew refused to meet Hamilton because even though he understood she was an actress, he thought it was still possible she really was like the character in the movie. New York, Later in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light-hearted fashion. And sometimes when I go to schools, if we're in an auditorium, I'll do it. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. At MIT she began programming software to predict the weather and did postgraduate work in meteorology. In the 1940s and 1950s, Hamilton had a long-running role on the radio series Ethel and Albert (or The Couple Next Door) in which she played the lovable, scattered Aunt Eva (name later changed to Aunt Effie). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Margaret Heafield Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936, in Paoli, Indiana. Elizabeth's reporting includes multiple exclusives with the White House and Office of the Vice-President of the United States, an exclusive conversation with aspiring space tourist (and NSYNC bassist) Lance Bass, speaking several times with the International Space Station, witnessing five human spaceflight launches on two continents, working inside a spacesuit, and participating in a simulated Mars mission. Thompson, Arthur A.; Strickland, A. J., (1996), "Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases", Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:40, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, "001: A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment", Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering, A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML, Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo, "President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Former Earlham Student Had Role in Moon Flight", "2009 Outstanding Alumni and Distinguished Service Awards", "The Woman Who Taught Me Margaret Hamilton MAKERS Moment", "Margaret Hamilton: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Took Us to the Moon", "The statistical prediction of solutions of dynamic equations", "AGC Conference 1: Margaret Hamilton's introduction", "Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code", "NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality", The History of Apollo On-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control, Keyboard and Display Program and Operation, "Moon landing memories:'Apollo 11 changed civilisation and I had a part in it', "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer", "Computer Got Loaded, letter to the editor of Datamation", Higher Order Software Evaluation and Critique, "Federal User Offers Free CAD/CAM Software", "And/Or Programs: A New Approach to Structured Programming", "Overview of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. (HTI) 001", "ICSE 2018 Plenary Sessions Margaret Hamilton", "What to Know About the Scientist who Invented the Term "Software Engineering", "NASA Engineers and Scientists Transforming Dreams Into Reality", "Margaret Hamilton: 2017 Fellow Biography", "Margaret Hamilton, the Engineer Who Took the Apollo to the Moon", "Her code got humans on the moon and invented software itself", "Software and a Woman at the Heart of Lunar Triumph", "A moonlit tribute to a moon landing icon", "Honour for software writer on Apollo moon mission", "White House honors two of tech's female pioneers", "Margaret Hamilton Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom", "The 2017 Fellow Award Acceptance Speech", "Lego's 'Women of NASA' toy set is finally on sale and it's already Amazon's best-selling toy", "Investiture of scientist Margaret Hamilton as an honorary doctor of the UPC", "Margaret Hamilton Accepts 2019 Washington Award Nomination", "Bard College - 2019 Honorary Degree Recipients", "Margaret Hamilton's sister shares her memories as Seattle's seniors celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing", "James Cox Hamilton, at 77; lawyer was quiet warrior for First Amendment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)&oldid=1141753509. Future US, Inc. Full 7th Floor, 130 West 42nd Street, Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 May 16, 1985) was an American actress and educator. Discover Margaret Hamilton's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The Directors verdict reached Neil on the radio: GO, Go ahead, free. mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV program. And if you have a news tip, correction or comment, let us know at: community@space.com. City Without Men. They're really scared for a second. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio to Jennie and Walter Hamilton. Hamilton had to recuperate in a hospital and at home for six weeks after the accident before returning to the set to complete her work on the film and refused to have anything further to do with fire for the rest of the filming. I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture. Mutual respect was across the board. [27] Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. What are the Van Allen Belts and why do they matter? Mutual respect was across the board. Margaret Dawn Hamilton AM (23 June 1941 - 24 November 2022) [1] was an Australian children's literature publisher who served as the National President of the Children's Book Council of Australia from 1991 to 1992 and as a National Board Member until April 2017 when she formally retired. American software engineer and businesswoman, American computer programmer, businessman, and philanthropist. After graduation she married her first husband, James Cox Hamilton, and . As Neil Armstrong was already preparing to bring the ship down, the computer started displaying two errors: error 1201 and error 1202. As a girl, Hamilton loved math and science. [25], Her areas of expertise include: systems design and software development, enterprise and process modeling, development paradigm, formal systems modeling languages, system-oriented objects for systems modeling and development, automated life-cycle environments, methods for maximizing software reliability and reuse, domain analysis, correctness by built-in language properties, open-architecture techniques for robust systems, full life-cycle automation, quality assurance, seamless integration, error detection and recovery techniques, human-machine interface systems, operating systems, end-to-end testing techniques, and life-cycle management techniques. She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1975 where she explained to children she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed" her into the witch. 1. [42][43][44] It was successfully used in numerous government programs[45][46] including a project to formalize and implement C-IDEF, an automated version of IDEF, a modeling language developed by the U.S. Air Force in the Integrated Computer-Aided Manufacturing (ICAM) project. [59] Over time the term "software engineering" gained the same respect as any other technical discipline. She had a small role in the made-for-television film The Night Strangler (1973) and appeared as a befuddled neighbor on Sigmund and the Sea Monsters, who is a friend of the very similar Mary Wickes. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Discover Margaret Hamilton's Biography, Age, Height, Physical Stats, Dating/Affairs, Family and career updates. In 2019, she was awarded the Intrepid Lifetime Achievement Award. We recommend you to check the complete list of Famous People born on 9 December. What are the characteristics of the Solar System? Dishonored Lady. [Related: Apollo Coder and 'Apollo 13' Actor Receive Presidential Medals of Freedom]. Her father, Thomas Storey, was the founder of the Stanford University School of Health. Although Margaret planned to study abstract mathematics at Brandeis University, she accepted a job at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) while her husband attended Harvard Law School. I will return to work on one condition no more fireworks!" We took our work seriously, many of us beginning this journey while still in our 20s. ", is co-written with astronaut Dave Williams. Looking back, we were the luckiest people in the world; there was no choice but to be pioneers.. The company was developed around the Universal Language of Software Design Systems. It then sent out an alarm, which meant to the astronaut, 'I'm overloaded with more tasks than I should be doing at this time and I'm going to keep only the more important tasks'; i.e., the ones needed for landing Actually, the computer was programmed to do more than recognize error conditions. As an adult, she worked on NASA's Apollo program, creating computer programs to guide spacecraft to and from the moon. Hamilton made her debut as a "professional entertainer" on December 9, 1929, in a "program of 'heart rending songs'" in the Charles S. Brooks Theater at the Cleveland Play House. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals and retained a lifelong commitment to public education. It even printed out its answers in Latin and Greek. "Hamilton contributed to concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling and priority displays, and human-in-the-loop decision capability, which set the foundation for modern, ultra-reliable software design and engineering," the citation for her medal read. [16] A Republican, she supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. Because software was a mystery, a black box, upper management gave us total freedom and trust. SAGE was soon developed for military use in anti-aircraft air defense. [48] Others have used HOS to formalize the semantics of linguistic quantifiers,[49] and to formalize the design of reliable real-time embedded systems. Dedication and commitment were a given. Your email address will not be published. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American movie actress. Related: Apollo Coder and 'Apollo 13' Actor Receive Presidential Medals of Freedom, SpaceX scrubs Crew-6 astronaut launch due to ignition-fluid issue, Experience SpaceX's Crew-6 astronaut mission with these amazing photos, DNA from 4 American presidents will launch to deep space, Asteroid Ryugu is rich in organic molecules that can be building blocks of life, On This Day In Space: Feb. 26, 1966: 1st launch of Saturn 1B rocket, Your monthly guide to stargazing & space science, Subscribe today and save an extra 5% with code 'LOVE5', Issues delivered straight to your door or device. Elizabeth is also a post-secondary instructor in communications and science since 2015. Join our Space Forums to keep talking space on the latest missions, night sky and more! [10] She also made personal appearances, and Hamilton described the children's usual reaction to her portrayal of the Witch: Almost always they want me to laugh like the Witch. Hamilton also appears as an unidentified flying witch during the tornado scene, which may have been the Wicked Witch of the West or her sister, the Wicked Witch of the East. The Opportunity of a Lifetime. "It quickly became clear that the software was not only informing everyone that there was a hardware-related problem, but that the software was compensating for it. By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. And what had happened was it was tricky programming, and the person who wrote it took delight in the fact that all of his comments were in Greek and Latin. She portrayed the sister of Witchiepoo from H.R. Starred in the live on-stage musical "A Little Night Music" (with actress Jean Simmons in the lead role) during the mid-1970s in San Francisco. When she reprised her role as the Wicked Witch in a 1976 episode of Sesame Street, "the show's producers were flooded with letters from parents saying it was too frightening for children. JWST finds galaxies that shouldn't exist! Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Hamilton said: What they used to do when you came into this organization as a beginner, was to assign you this program which nobody was able to ever figure out or get to run. ], She married Paul Boynton Meserve on June 13, 1931, and made her debut on the New York City stage the following year. According to Wired's Karen Tegan Padir: "She, along with that other early programming pioneer, COBOL inventor Grace Hopper, also deserve tremendous credit for helping to open the door for more women to enter and succeed in STEM fields like software. 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On April 28, 2017, she received the Computer History Museum Fellow Award, which honors exceptional men and women whose computing ideas have changed the world. She is one of the people credited with coining the term "software engineering". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Miss Hamilton Sings 1840 Song at Play House", "Wicked Witch of the West not always a fright sight", "Wizard of Oz 'witch' loved her Maine island", "Actress Margaret Hamilton, the Wicked Witch of the West", Margaret Hamilton correspondence and ephemera, 1944-1979, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)&oldid=1138589927, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from March 2014, Internet Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Internet Off-Broadway Database person ID same as Wikidata, Turner Classic Movies person ID different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Epiisode: "An Eye for an Eye" (S 2:Ep 35), Episode: "Bilko Enters Politics" (S 2:Ep 20), This page was last edited on 10 February 2023, at 13:49. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. They had one son, Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve, whom she raised on her own. Hamilton herself specifically concentrated on software to detect system errors and to recover information in a computer crash. Played Aunt Eva on the radio series Ethel and Albert in the 1940s and 1950s . Hamilton played two credited roles in the famous film: Almira Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West. Hamilton spent six weeks recovering from the incident and refused to do any more fire-related stunts on the film set. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. I said to myself, 'Oh, boy, The Wizard of Oz! The studio hired a new stunt double, Aline Goodwin, to finish the broomstick-riding scene for Danko.[9]. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system. Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton poses for a series of photos with the Apollo guidance software she and her team developed at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. In recent years, a striking photo of Hamilton and her teams Apollo code has made the rounds on social media and in articles detailing her key contributions to Apollo 11's success. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American actress and educator. Mention the name Margaret Hamilton to a Millennial, and chances are they won't be able to pick her out of a line-up. Had one child, son, Hamilton Wadsworth Meserve, on June 12, 1936. [36], When Hamilton started using the term "software engineering" during the early Apollo missions,[57] software development was not taken seriously compared to other engineering,[58] nor was it regarded as a science. But a software incident almost derailed the landing, as Hamilton recalled in a 2009 interview with MIT. Her latest book, "Why Am I Taller? [16][18] These made her code incredibly reliable because they helped programmers identify and fix anomalies before they became major problems.[26]. In 1954, she graduated from Thomas Hancock High School in Minnesota. During one interview, she joked: I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time, and my agent called. By continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of cookies. Biography. "[64][65], In 2019, to celebrate 50 years to the Apollo landing, Google decided to make a tribute to Hamilton. As the alarms went off and priority displays replaced normal ones, the actual switchover to new programmes behind the screens was happening "a step slower" than it would today. And there's always a funny reaction, like 'Ye gods, they wish they hadn't asked.' Her husband is Paul Boynton Meserve (13 June1931 - 20 May1938)( divorced)( 1 child). She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo program. In the early 1960s Hamilton joined MITs Lincoln Laboratory, where she was involved in the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) project, the first U.S. air defense system. [17], It was her efforts on this project that made her a candidate for the position at NASA as the lead developer for Apollo flight software. In 1960, producer/director William Castle cast Hamilton as a housekeeper in his 13 Ghosts horror film, in which 12-year-old lead Charles Herbert's character taunts her about being a witch, including the final scene, in which she is holding a broom in her hand. "Every time the CPU approached overload, the software cleared out its entire queue of processes, restarted its functions; allowing only the highest priority ones to perform until the landing was completed," she said. "From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission," she said. The cookie settings on this website are set to "allow cookies" to give you the best browsing experience possible. Margaret Hamilton Biography Margaret Hamilton was born in Cleveland, Ohio on December 9, 1902, the youngest of four children and obtained her teaching certificate in 1923 from the Wheelock . "Everything was going according to plan until something totally unexpected happened, just as the astronauts were in the process of landing on the moon," she recalled. Credit: Deansfa Marriage and family of Margaret Hamilton August 17, 2016. It turned out that the astronaut checklist, which governed the actions the crew had to do before landing, had the crew set the rendezvous radar hardware switch in the wrong position.

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