Military Medical Research [82] exposed animals to 900MHz microwave radiation for 2h/d for 10months and removed the brain tissues. Radiat Res. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Privacy : a biochemical study on mouse brain. 2006;27:295306. 2006;98:170713. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Springer Nature. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in J Neurosci. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. 2015;56:2618. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Koivisto M, Krause CM, Revonsuo A, Laine M, Hmlinen H. The effects of electromagnetic field emitted by GSM phones on working memory. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Subsequently, significantly more DNA damage was observed in the exposed groups than in the sham group, and their study also indicated that oxidative stress and inflammation caused DNA damage in response to low-intensity microwave exposure. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. One of the bad impacts a microwave has on humans, is that some of the acids in the food people put in the microwave, gets transformed into a type of acid which turns poisonous. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. Mobile phone use and risk of tumors: a meta-analysis. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Bioelectromagnetics. Wang H, Peng R, Zhao L, Wang S, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. [84] and Sharma et al. Brain Res Rev. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. 2000;6:18793. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. Mol Brain Res. 1992;6:379. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 2010;473:525. Mortazavi SMJ, Taeb S, Dehghan N. Alterations of visual reaction time and short term memory in military radar personnel. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Xiong et al. The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. Im HI, Kenny PJ. J Neuro-Oncol. Exp Neurobiol. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. . PLoS One. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. 2005;1042:1018. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. Nature. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Joubert et al. PubMed In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. J Neurosci Methods. Nakatani-Enomoto S, Furubayashi T, Ushiyama A, Groiss SJ, Ueshima K, Sokejima S, et al. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. B. Cordless phones effect Cordless phone same worked like a mobile phone. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Article Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. 2010;1347:17985. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Bioelectromagnetics. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. 2013;17:711. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). 2015;28:1324. 1994;10:13548. Fragopoulou et al. Trends Cell Biol. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. 2012;25:1828. Google Scholar. 2015;91:30611. Bioelectromagnetics. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. 2011;107:35661. PubMed 2017;326:291. Chin J Radiol Med Prot. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. 2009;64:2314. When nerve endings are excited, the vesicles release their contents into the synaptic cleft, resulting in synaptic transmission. 2001;93:2037. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. Cancer Res. Int J Radiat Biol. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Electromagn Biol Med. 1984;4:285665. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large 2004;155:3743. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. 2005;360:6577. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging from 300MHz to 300GHz. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins. Hans Hertel, a Swiss food scientist, initiated the first tests on microwaved food and microwave cooking to determine how microwaves affect human physiology and the blood. Merola et al. biological effects of electromagnetic waves started to be discussed. 2012;31:25074. 2015;91:55561. Cassel et al. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. 1999;9:3438. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. In the population with occupational exposure, proper protective measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary harm. Behav Brain Res. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Aksen F, Bashan M, Buyukbayram H. Does 900 MHZ GSM mobile phone exposure affect rat brain? Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Dasdag et al. Neurobiol Learn Mem. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Bioelectromagnetics. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. 2012;31:6774. [104] found that exposure to a 1.9GHz pulse-modulated RF field for 4h at 0.1, 1.0, and 10W/kg did not affect gene expression in U87MG glioblastoma cells. The results showed that 2.1GHz W-CDMA-modulated microwave radiation did not cause apoptotic cell death but altered cell cycle progression [79]. Additionally, Larjabaara et al. Toxicol Sci. Article 2008;49:16370. Physiol Behav. Trends Neurosci. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Kwon MS, Vorobyev V, Knnl S, Laine M, Rinne JO, Toivonen T, et al. 2004;996:8996. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. 1994;8:714. 2008;169:3845. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Bioelectromagnetics. Lai et al. [111] found that the rate of glucose metabolism in the brains of rats was lower after short-term exposure to microwave radiation, and the blood glucose management reduced the damage that was caused by microwave radiation due to the decreased glucose uptake (2.45MHz, 1mW/cm2, continuous radiation for 30 d at 3h/d), as were learning and memory capacity. Bioelectromagnetics. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. 2007;27:6024. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. 2013;32:27380. Am J Epidemiol. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. 2003;41:26887. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. Article Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. Most matter, including the human body, is largely . [81] reported a study exploring the influence of mobile phone microwave radiation on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat brains. CAS Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. 2004;115:1490505. Part of PubMed 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings . Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. 2014;8:63. However, Li et al. Annu Rev Physiol. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. However,. 2003;14:2436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. A large number of studies have shown that microwave radiation can cause a series of adverse reactions in the central nervous system, including sleep disorders in addition to learning and memory impairments. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. So foods which have high water content can be very easily cooked like fresh vegetables. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A.

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