A patient may not view a social need as an immediate concern, may already be receiving help elsewhere, or may simply not want help with social needs from a health care provider.36 However, inequities could be exacerbated if there are systematic differences between those who are willing to accept versus decline support by screening mode. An inventory for measuring depression. A., & Klingbeil, D. A. (1993). Assessment in a classroom helps teachers know important information about how your child is learning or how instruction could change to match your childs learning needs. New York: Springer. Suggested Approach. Unfortunately, efficient screening measures for expressive and receptive vocabulary are in their infancy. Analyses included 1,504 participants with complete data for all variables of interest, of which 653 (43%) were screened for social needs in person and 851 (57%) were screened remotely (Figure 1). Beck, A.T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., & Trexler, L. (1974). As schools become more sophisticated in their use of screening measures, many will want to go beyond using benchmark assessments two or three times a year and use a progress monitoring system. Progress monitoring assessment? Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306, Saracino, R.M., Cham, H., Rosenfeld, B., & Nelson, C.J. Austin, TX: PRO-ED. Therefore, or too many students are falsely identified as at-risk, and valuable, limited intervention resources are unnecessarily provided. Compton, D. L., Fuchs, D., Fuchs, L. S., & Bryant, J. D. (2006). Listen to a literacy coach explains how the use of screening data has changed instruction at her school. Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. Thus, our recommendation for kindergarten and for grade 1 is to conduct a second screening mid-year when results tend to be more valid (Compton et al., 2006; Jenkins, Hudson, and Johnson, 2007). The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 37-55. Funding: This project was supported by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) as part of a financial assistance award totaling $1,218,898 with 28% funded by CMS/HHS and $42,978 with 72% funded by AHRQ/HHS (Project Number 1R36HS027707-01). Suggested Approach. Mather, N., White, J., & Youman, M. (2020). This is the Ahead of Print version of the article. Timonium, MD: York Press. E.g. For example, something about how ORPRN trained the health sciences students to conduct the screening may have been important (eg, placing emphasis on trauma informed engagement). The research presented here was conducted by the awardee. Teaching practice and the reading growth of first-grade English learners: Validation of an observation instrument. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Center on Improving Literacy. It takes 10 to 15 minutes to administer and score. 2005 by SAGE Publications. modern coming of age rituals . Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(4), 735-749. The evidence base in kindergarten is weaker, especially for measures administered early in the school year (Jenkins and O'Connor, 2002; O'Connor and Jenkins, 1999; Scarborough, 1998; Torgesen, 2002; Badian, 1994; Catts, 1991; Felton, 1992). (2016). The critical role of instructional response for identifying dyslexia and other learning disabilities. Reduce cost of disease management by avoiding costly interventions required at later stages. Screening is an assessment process that helps teachers identify students who are at risk for not meeting grade-level learning goals. This toolkit helps parents and families take part in literacy experiences at home to develop childrens reading and language skills. These measures rely on patient self-reports and are widely used for routine monitoring and assessment of care outcomes in the adult population. The AHC model was developed by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Innovation Center to test whether systematically identifying and addressing Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries social needs impacts health care costs and use.17 Community-dwelling beneficiaries who consent to participate are screened for 5 social needshousing stability and quality, utility needs, food insecurity, transportation needs beyond medical transportation, and interpersonal safetyusing the AHC Health-Related Social Needs Screening Tool.38,39 Those who screen positive for 1 social need(s) and 2 self-reported emergency department visits within the previous 12months are offered navigation services to facilitate community resource connections. The scale is an adaptation of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and has a greater sensitivity to change over time. It takes five to seven minutes to complete the questionnaire. Retrieved from http://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/publications/practiceguides/. (2011). Initial assessments of depressive symptoms can help determine possible treatment options, and periodic assessment throughout care can guide treatment and gauge progress. Considerations for selecting a screening tool. As anticipated, the majority of those screened in person participated before Oregons COVID-19 social distancing mandate,56 which went into effect on March 23, 2020 (n = 599; 92%); the majority of those screened remotely participated after the executive order (n = 825; 97%). Designed to assess emotional disorders, personality constructs and behavioral problems in individuals from 2 to 21 years old, the BASC assesses behavior from three perspectives: teacher, parent and self (starting at age 8). Across all of the participating health care settings, the frequency and consistency of screening varied based on their capacity and internal workflows. Few single screening methods are accurate enough to be employed in a direct route model with a high degree of confidence. The MOS 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): III. Abbreviation: ED, emergency department. National benchmarks can assist with this process. The scale is administered by a health care professionals and contains 21 items, but is scored based on the first 17 items, which are measured either on 5-point or 3-point scales. Early identification and intervention for young children with reading/learning disabilities. In E. L. Grigorenko (Ed. Psychometric theory. These include correlational studies that examine trends in disease-specific mortality over time, correlating them with the frequency of screening in a population. Participants originated from 28 clinical delivery sites. Torgesen, J. K. (2002). For eligible beneficiaries, students offered referrals to a resource navigator (eg, community health worker, social worker) for additional follow-up, as part of the navigation requirement for the AHC model. Early assessment and identification of students who are struggling to read, including those with dyslexia, is important to promote early interventions. The study had a few notable limitations, especially regarding data availability. For an nice summary of lead time bias, and length time bias follow this link: Primer on Lead-Time, Length, and Overdiagnosis Bias. The research reported here is funded by a grant to the National Center on Improving Literacy from the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, in partnership with the Office of Special Education Programs (Award #: H283D210004). Beck, A.T., & Steer, R.A. (1988). Longmont, CO: Sopris West Educational Services. It takes less than four minutes to complete. The social functioning questionnaire: A rapid and robust measure of perceived functioning. Tests of data quality, scaling assumptions, and reliability across diverse patient groups. However, if we compare survival time from the point of diagnosis, the subject whose disease was identified through screening appears to survive longer, but only because their disease was identified earlier. Used by permission. This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions. Our study of the AHC model in Oregon provides evidence that, among patients presenting with a similar number of social needs, the type of screening mode (in-person; remote) may not adversely affect the proportion of patients who are willing to accept help with resource navigation. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, abbreviated HDRS, HRSD or HAM-D, measures depression in individuals before, during and after treatment. _______ _______ with questions is a good early indicator of language . Advancing psychology to benefit society and improve lives, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.120, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306, http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000510, Measurement Instrument Database for the Social Sciences: CES-D, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90421-9, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(96)00822-6, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40258-017-0310-5, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.007, A Rating Scale for Depression (PDF, 1.3MB), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02723.x, ScienceDirect: Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.2.2.156, MHS Assessments: Social Problem-Solving Inventory, https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1978.11448806, http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13034-015-0089-9, ASEBA: Brief Description of the Child Behavior Checklist (PDF, 71KB), https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-0038-x, Childrens Depression Inventory 2 (PDF, 904KB), Western Psychological Services Publishing, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13607860903421052, The Measurement of Pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01866-8, The 16-Item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS), Clinician Rating (QIDS-C), and Self-Report (QIDS-SR): A Psychometric Evaluation In Patients With Chronic Major Depression, http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737, http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003, APA: Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9 & PHQ-2), http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/48.5.P256, https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860903167820, Construction and Validation of the Reminiscence Functions Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199206000-00002, Rand Corporation: 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), 36-Item Short Form Survey Instrument (SF-36) (electronic), https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090101010, MHS Assessments: Social Adjustment Scale-Self Report, http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764005057391, The Social Functioning Questionnaire: A Rapid and Robust Measure of Perceived Functioning, Social Functioning Questionnaire (PDF, 345KB), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4, http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000008, Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders: Geriatric Depression Scale, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/16.2.134, Pricing varies and can be purchased through, The GDS is in the public domain and no permission is required for use. From print awareness to comprehension, Reading 101 Course Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4, Lopez, M.N., Quan, N.M., & Carvajal, P.M. (2010). Enhanced measurement sensitivity of hopeless ideation among older adults at risk of self-harm: Reliability and validity of likert-type responses to the Beck Hopelessness Scale. A characteristic of some tests that causes students to receive higher or lower scores for reasons other than the trait being measured. This multimedia overview explains the value of universal screening, the recommended components of an effective screening system, and cut-points to identify at-risk students. In the full model, neither screening mode (in-person; remote) nor the interaction term (screening mode + total number of social needs) were significantly associated with a willingness to accept help with social needs. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study using a multivariable logistic regression analysis and data from the Accountable Health Communities (AHC) model in Oregon. Reading difficulties: Classification and issues of prediction. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is specifically designed to screen and measure depression in older adults. Screening for at-risk readers in a response to intervention framework. The instrument measures quality of life in five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. . Archives of General Psychiatry, 33(9), 1111-1115. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770090101010, Gameroff, M.J., Wickramaratne, P., & Weissman, M.M. The questionnaire contains eight questions which are rated on a 4-point scale. With all of the different types of assessments and scores out there, it can be hard to understand and figure out what screening scores mean. Universal screening is a critical first step in identifying students who are at risk for experiencing reading difficulties and who might need more instruction. While results indicated that a high percentage of eligible beneficiaries were willing to accept navigation assistance, it is likely that otherwise eligible beneficiaries were never offered assistance because they declined to participate at the outset.64,65 Further, other studies have found that patients may request help with social needs, even after screening negatively for the same social needs on a questionnaire.66,67 Participants in the AHC model were only offered assistance if they screened positively for 1 social need. Section III provides a robust presentation of viewpoints and considerations for best practices in behavioral screening. The validity of informal reading comprehension measures. The Child Behavior Profiles were designed for children and adolescents ages 6 to 18. Screening programs also tend to look better than they really are because of several factors: People who choose to participate in screening programs tend to be healthier, have healthier lifestyles, and they tend to adhere to therapy better, and their outcomes tend to be better because of this. Assume that when adults with smartphones are randomly selected, 45% use them in meetings or classes. What Assessment Can Tell Parents About Their Child's Learning, Commonalities Across Definitions of Dyslexia, Core Considerations for Selecting a Screener. Rush, A.J., Trivedi, M.H., Ibrahim, H.M., Carmody, T.J., Arnow, B., Klein, D.N., Markowitz, J. C., Ninan, P. T., Kornstein, S., Manber, R., Thase, M. E., Kocsis, J. H., & Keller, M.B. Candidate measures for screening at-risk students. Reliability of screening measures (usually reported as internal consistency reliability or Cronbach's alpha) should be at least 0.70. Felton, R. H., & Pepper, P. P. (1995). Speece, D., & Case, L. (2001). monitoring. Responsibilities of ORPRN included identifying and collaborating with clinical delivery sites to adopt the AHC model and aligning partners to optimize the capacity of local communities to address beneficiaries social needs. Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. Confirmatory factor analysis of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in oncology with examination of invariance between younger and older patients. It answers the questions, what is screening? Applied Health Economics and Health Policy, 15(2), 127-137. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s40258-017-0310-5. Additional versions are available, including the Teachers Report Form and Youth Self-Report (from age 11). However, it is important that remote screening approaches be contextually tailored to promote health equity in terms of technological access, literacy, and appropriate language options for the populations being served. In a recent qualitative study on the AHC model in Oregon, our team identified screener techniques that appeared to garner positive patient experiences, including demonstrating respect for patient autonomy, a kind demeanor, a genuine intention to help, and attentiveness and responsiveness to patients situations.63 More research is needed to better understand the ways in which those conducting screening for social needs, both in person and remotely, can effectively foster patient engagement when discussing patients social contexts. Administering additional measures requires additional staff time and may displace instruction. Factorial structure and psychometric properties of the reminiscence functions scale. In the opinion of the panel, predictive validity should reach an index of 0.60 or higher.

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