It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science. /Type /Annot "D%_!+ 1 Brinell Hardness Test Equations, Calculators and Review /Annots [57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R 65 0 R 66 0 R 67 0 R 68 0 R 69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R 72 0 R 73 0 R 74 0 R 75 0 R 76 0 R 77 0 R 78 0 R 79 0 R 80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R] The hardness of a substance determines how much force is needed to make an indentation on the surface. For microindentation typical loads are very light, ranging from 10gf to 1kgf, although macroindentation Vickers loads can range up to 30 kg or more. x+ | Steel hardness conversion table containing conversion factors for Rockwell, Vickers & Brinell. /Border [0 0 0] /Rect [71.952 496.92203 297.34 510.22504] Table of Contents 1.WHAT IS HARDNESS? /Subtype /Link WebHardness ranges for heat treated steel Steel Hardness Conversion Table This table shows approximate hardness of steel using Brinell, Rockwell B and C and Vickers scales. /F4 90 0 R << /R7 5 0 R The chief advantage of Rockwell hardness is its ability todisplay hardness values directly. It is a group-14 hydride and the simplest alkane, and is the main constituent of natural gas. << Nitrous oxide is a naturally occurring gas that is colorless and non flammable. We realize that the basics in the materials science can help people to understand many common problems. /Border [0 0 0] /A /Length 52 endobj The Rockwell hardness number is expressed as a combination of the measured numerical hardness value and the scale letter preceded by the letters, HR. /F1 93 0 R /Border [0 0 0] Methane is used as a fuel for ovens, homes, water heaters, kilns, automobiles, turbines, and other things. << Steel hardness conversion table containing conversion factors for Rockwell, Vickers & Brinell. 5052 /Filter /FlateDecode In all scales, a high hardness number represents a hard metal. endobj In industry, hardness tests on metals are used mainly as a check on the quality and uniformity of metals, especially during heat treatment operations. You can also use the hardness conversion calculator for metals (ASTM E140-97). WebBHN = Brinell Hardness Number (kgf/mm 2) P = applied load in kilogram-force (kgf) D = diameter of indenter (mm) d = diameter of indentation (mm) Brinell hardness is sometimes quoted in megapascals; the Brinell hardness number is multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity, 9.80665 m/s 2, to convert it to megapascals. << /Rect [53.382 428.07401 76.442 441.37701] Table A - HRC to HB, HV, Rm << >> << xS**T0464R0 ABRDR!9WA? endobj /Rect [62.861 485.44702 89.235 498.75] /FormType 1 endobj /Length 52 x+ | A major application of polycarbonate is the production of Compact Discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray Discs. Brinell Hardness Conversion Table Brinell Hardness 15-T 30-T 45-T b C 15-N 30-N 45-T; 15 Kg 30 Kg 45 Kg 100 Kg 150 Kg 15 Kg 30 Kg 45 Kg; 5140 Kg N N N; 1/16" Ball 1/16" Ball endobj << We placed the test sample on the top of the test table and raised it with the elevating screw, till the test sample just touched the ball. No Minimums. kanha15102003. Conversions For Steel. 49 0 obj The Brinell /Length 10 As a guide we show the theoretical conversion comparison of tonnes tensile in Newtons/mm and MPa to steel hardness. WebThe data in this table do not represent hardness-to-tensile strength conversions for austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel. Conversion Table. Metallurgy and Steel Properties. Historically Tungsten 25% Rhenium alloy has been produced into wire for the thermocouple market.The applications for these materials are in the joining, medical, aerospace, furnace, and heat treat industries. /Type /Annot 68 0 obj Convert Brinell (HBW), Rockwell (HRC), Vickers (HV), and Knoop (HK) hardness and steel tensile strength. endobj >> /Length 10 /Dest [101 0 R /XYZ null null null] endobj >> << >> Uranium dioxide is a black semiconducting solid with very low thermal conductivity, but it has very high melting point and has well known behavior. Carbon fiber is a polymer that is is a very strong material that is also very light weight. /Subtype /Link Addendum Screw Thread Types. << The remaining 40% is generally used to make various alloys and specialty steels, electrodes, filaments, wires, as well as diverse components for electric, electronic, heating, lighting, and welding applications. xS**T0464R0 ABRDR!9WA? << >> Cobalt-base alloys are characterized by a solid-solution-strengthened austenitic (fcc) matrix in which a small quantity of carbide is distributed. The Brinell hardness test was the first standardised test to be widely used, especially on metals. stream endstream endstream It is one of the hardest materials known, ranking third behind diamond and cubic boron nitride. Convert Brinell (HBW), Rockwell (HRC), Vickers (HV), and Knoop (HK) hardness and steel tensile strength. /Type /XObject WebBrinell Hardness testing uses a 10-millimeter diameter ball shaped indenter and an applied force of 500 kilograms for soft metals and 3000 kilograms for steels and nickel alloys. ksi [MPa] Elongation in 2in or 50mm length % (min) Hardness (Max) ASTM E18 Brinell: Hardness (Max) ASTM E18 Rockwell: 201: 95 [655] 38 [260] 35: 219 HBW: 95 HRB: 304: 75 [515] 30 [205] 35: 192 HBW: 90 HRB: 304L: 70 [485] 25 [170] For practical reasons conversion tables are used to convert between one scale and another. Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is black or brown petroleum-like material that has a consistency varying from viscous liquid to glassy solid. >> Polyvinyl chloride is the worlds third-most widely produced synthetic plastic polymer. Pines are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp throughout the world. Tube 6061 6063 Round Bar 2011 2024 6061 7075 Round Tube 6061 6063 Safety /Type /Annot Brinell Hardness Test 56 0 obj /Length 10 Aerogels can be made from a variety of chemical compounds, but the base material for aerogel is usually silicon. stream endobj WebWhere, D = Diameter of Ball in mm P = Applied load in kg-f, and d = Diameter of indentation in mm. Duralumin (also called duraluminum, duraluminium, duralum, dural(l)ium, or dural) is a strong, lightweight alloy of aluminium discovered in 1910 by Alfred Wilm, a German metallurgist. >> Our History; Our Staff; Contact Us; Sitemap; Search News. 5052 For softer materials, there are alternate scales using a 1500 kg or 500 kg load to avoid excessive indentation. stream WebFor softer metals, the force used is less than for harder metals. It is a colorless and transparent thermoplastic. Conversions For Steel. 48 0 obj Bricks are structural clay products, manufactured as standard units. << endstream Boron carbide is also used in control rods in nuclear reactors. "P%_!+ n endobj PH stainless steels (precipitation-hardening) contain around 17% chromium and 4% nickel. /Filter /FlateDecode 24-carat is pure gold, but it is very soft. In Medieval Europe oak was the wood of choice for all wood construction, including beams, walls, doors, and floors. endstream Zamak is a family of alloys with a base metal of zinc and alloying elements of aluminium, magnesium, and copper. 86 0 obj stream There are tables that are available correlating the hardness numbers from the different test methods where correlation is applicable. << >> /Type /ExtGState It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science. /Dest [56 0 R /XYZ null null null] >> It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Most of LWRs use the uranium fuel, which is in the form of uranium dioxide (chemically UO2). 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. stream PET is a hard, stiff, strong, dimensionally stable material that absorbs very little water. WebHARDNESS CONVERSION TABLE Approximate equivalent hardness numbers for Brinell hardness numbers for steel and approximate relationship between Brinell hardness number and tensile strength for steel. /Subtype /Link Steel hardness conversion table containing conversion factors for Rockwell, Vickers & Brinell. /Rect [76.941 405.12503 297.332 418.42801] This kind of hardness testing is used to measure the hardness and toughness of metallic materials. Alloy 6061 is one of the most widely used alloys in the 6000 Series. Rigid PVC is calendered into credit cards. >> Polypropylene is the second-most widely produced commodity plastic (after polyethylene). endobj /Dest [56 0 R /XYZ null null null] endstream Concrete is a composite material made from sand, gravel and cement. /Length 10 << 400: 72.0 43.1 As defined in ASTM E10-18, a Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness test using a verified machine to force an indenter (tungsten carbide ball with diameter D), under specified conditions, into the surface of the material under test.. Stainless Steels. Tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. Brinell Indentation Diameter mm Brinell Hardness Number 3000-Kg Load 10 mm Tungsten /Subtype /Link /Subtype /Link >> 400: 72.0 43.1 It is defined in ASTM E10. /Type /Annot Tungsten carbide balls should be used, so that there should not be any permanent change in ball diameter. Wood is an organic material a natural composite of cellulose fibers that are strong in tension and embedded in a matrix of lignin that resists compression. Salt is an essential nutrient for humans and most animals, and it is also a favorite seasoning for many types of food. NASA used an aerogel to trap space dust particles aboard the Stardust spacecraft. << endobj The test load P, to be applied depends on the diameter D of the indenter and the material of the specimen. /Filter /FlateDecode Constantan is a coppernickel alloy consisting usually of 55% copper and 45% nickel and specific minor amounts of additional elements to achieve precise (almost constant) values for the temperature coefficient of resistivity. stream Brinell Indentation Diameter mm Brinell Hardness Number 3000-Kg Load 10 mm Tungsten In its most basic form, tungsten carbide is a fine gray powder, but it can be pressed and formed for use in industrial machinery, cutting tools, abrasives, armor-piercing shells and jewellery. endobj 83 0 obj /Rect [78.04601 531.34601 297.32602 544.64905] endobj White gold is a goldsilver (or nickel or palladium) alloy. stream Table A is the comparison between Rockwell C Hardness, Brinell Hardness, Vickers Hardness and tensile strength (Rm). Gold is thought to have been produced in supernova nucleosynthesis, from the collision of neutron stars. /Filter /FlateDecode >> WebSteel Hardness Converter. /XObject The typical test uses a 10 mm (0.39 in) diameter hardened steel ballas an indenter with a 3,000 kgf (29.42 kN; 6,614 lbf) force. Metallurgy and Steel Properties. endobj 29 0 obj Among the most popular areindentation tests, which are based on the ability of a material to withstand surface indentation (localized plastic deformation). /Type /Annot /S /URI Coal is a rock formed from the decomposition of plant life. WebGeneral information on Brinell hardness testing The indenter used in the Brinell test method is made of a hard metal ball of diameter D = 10; 5; 2.5 or 1 mm. /Rect [522.74805 669.25104 545.80804 682.55402] Engineering Materials and Applications. Applications of glass wool include structural insulation, pipe insulation, filtration and soundproofing. Hardness is a comparative value that describes a materials response to scratching, etching, denting, or deformation along its surface. stream << % endobj WebThe ASTMs Brinell hardness test standard is used by alloy and metal suppliers and users, and its a basic requirement for all hardness testing equipment. >> endobj Ductile iron is stronger and more shock resistant than gray iron, so although it is more expensive due to alloyants, it may be the preferred economical choice because a lighter casting can perform the same function. The average person consumes about 24 kilograms (53 lb) of sugar each year. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. endobj kanha15102003. xS**T0464R0 ABRDR!9WA? << << /Filter /FlateDecode endobj << 5 0 obj Aerogel is a synthetic porous ultralight solid material derived from a gel, in which the liquid component of the gel has been replaced with a gas (during a supercritical drying process). endstream /Length 10 7068 aluminium alloy is a heat treatable wrought alloy with good fatigue strength, good anodizing response, and high thermal conductivity. The major load is applied, then removed while still maintaining the minor load. 53 0 obj /Type /Annot endobj 66 0 obj << /Subtype /Link >> Molybdenum-titanium-zirconium (TZM) alloys contain small amounts of titanium and zirconium doped with small amounts of very fine carbides. Brinell Hardness Rockwell B Scale Rockwell C Scale Vickers Hardness Number Knoop Hardness PGI Steel is unique in that we are a single source solution for custom steel plates and custom steel parts. The composition of sand varies, depending on the local rock sources and conditions. endobj Brass is is the generic term for a range of copper-zinc alloys. WebMATERIAL HARDNESS CROSS-REFERENCE CHART - Chart showing a cross-reference of hardness spome common measurement scales, including ROCKWELL A, B, C and D, BRINELL, VICKERS and KNOOP. Hardness is higher than the other grades but ductility decreases. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding stream WebBrinell Hardness HB conversion Chart (N/mm2, Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell C) Below is the Brinell scale it shows the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Brinell hardness of metallic materials by the Brinell indentation hardness principle. endobj Table B is the comparison between HRB, BH, HV and Rm, refer to iron-foundry.com. 70 0 obj >> WebStainless Steel Hardness Chart According to ASME SA213 Tensile Strength min. >> /Subtype /Link << endobj Sucrose is used in prepared foods (e.g. Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications, it is used in various products associated with electrical and telecommunications hardware. Commercial popularity of the Rockwell hardness test arises from its speed, reliability, robustness, resolution and small area of indentation. << Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including a material like kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 C. << endobj The tests can generally be applied to the finished product without significant damage. It is relatively nontoxic and noncombustible. endstream Austenitic stainless steels have the best corrosion resistance of all stainless steels and they have excellent cryogenic properties, and good high-temperature strength. Commercial acetylene will have a garlic-like odor. /Rect [210.25401 323.90601 228.32501 337.20901] WebBrinell Hardness HB conversion Chart (N/mm2, Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell C) Below is the Brinell scale it shows the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. /Type /Annot endobj /Filter /FlateDecode Brinell Hardness: Rockwell Hardness: Tensile Strength: A Scale: B Scale: C Scale: 3000KG Ball: 60KG: 100KG: 150KG (Approx.) << /Border [0 0 0] >> Acetylene is a colorless, highly flammable gas with an ethereal odor. oak) is called hardwood. x+ | endstream PVC is one of the four plastics whose combined usage accounts for 75% of the worldwide usage of plastics (PE, PP, PVC, and PS). << /Rect [62.861 462.49802 244.95 475.80103] Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and North America. >> /Length 10 >> /URI (http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/E0448) "X%_!+ Alloy 7068 is now being used or considered for markets like the aerospace and automotive industries (valve body and connecting rod applications), medical devices, such as prosthetic limbs, as well as recreational products like bicycles and mountain-climbing equipment. xS**T0464R0 ABRDR!9WA? /A endstream Engineering Materials and Applications. 19 0 obj HWr8}Wu)'Ng 8C^K[ ,KJj+Uijt7r=tWoW36[2?KY E/,%,Yd.,Hxr%7 /Subtype /Link stream /A endstream << Please note that if the numbers entered do not conform to the search criteria the boxes will remain blank. For softer materials, there are alternate scales using a 1500 kg or 500 kg load to avoid excessive indentation. Grade 440C stainless steel is used in the following applications: gage blocks, cutlery, ball bearings and races, molds and dies, knives. The two main alloys are 90/10 and 70/30. Natural rubber, also called caucho or caoutchouc. This eutectic alloy has melting point lower than those of either tin or lead. Hardness Conversion. xS**T0464R0 ABRDR!9WA? WebHardness ranges for heat treated steel Steel Hardness Conversion Table This table shows approximate hardness of steel using Brinell, Rockwell B and C and Vickers scales. In Brinell tests, a hard, spherical indenter is forced under a specific load into the surface of the metal to be tested. stream Type 17-4 Materials. WebThe results vary between a minimum Shore hardness of 0 to a maximum shore hardness of 100 which relates to zero penetration. >> endobj << >> High-speed steels, abbreviated as HSS, are a specialized class of tool steels that were named primarily for their ability to machine and cut materials at high speeds (high hot hardness).High-speed steels are complex iron-base alloys of carbon, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, or tungsten, or combinations there of. Tungsten carbide is used extensively in mining in top hammer rock drill bits, downhole hammers, roller-cutters, long wall plough chisels, long wall shearer picks, raiseboring reamers, and tunnel boring machines. >> /Border [0 0 0] endstream Stainless Steels. It is applied to the specimen with a test force (to standard from 1 kg to 3000 kg) 103 0 obj Tube 6061 6063 Round Bar 2011 2024 6061 7075 Round Tube 6061 6063 Safety endobj endobj endobj >> Brinell Indentation Diameter mm Brinell Hardness Number 3000-Kg Load 10 mm Tungsten >> 34 0 obj endobj endstream WebHardness Conversion Chart with standards including Brinell, Rockwell B scale, Rockwell C scale, Vickers and others. x+ | The Brinell Propane is commonly used as a fuel in domestic and industrial applications and in low-emissions public transportation. /Dest [56 0 R /XYZ null null null] Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs. << WebGeneral information on Brinell hardness testing The indenter used in the Brinell test method is made of a hard metal ball of diameter D = 10; 5; 2.5 or 1 mm. /URI (http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/E0029) /Subtype /Link 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. "\%_!+ B It is separated in large quantities from natural gas, light crude oil, and oil-refinery gases. High-carbon steel has approximately 0.60 to 1.00% carbon content. Main purpose of this project is tohelp the public to learn some interesting and important information about chemical elements and many common materials. >> Brinell hardness test. Plasticized PVC is used in plumbing, electrical cable insulation, imitation leather, flooring, signage, phonograph records. Hardness Scale for Various Materials. It combines high strength with non-magnetic and non-sparking qualities. It also demonstrates remarkable protection against corrosion and oxidation. In 2004 about US$25 million of aerogel insulation product were sold, which had risen to about US$500 million by 2013.The potential to replace conventional insulation with aerogel solutions in the building and construction sector as well as in industrial insulation is quite significant. >> AISI. /Length 10 >> Ice is simply water frozen into a solid state. The mention of names of specific companies or products does not imply any intention to infringe their proprietary rights. << >> It is an excellent insulator for use with high voltages, especially in outdoor applications. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly used because they are more durable. Cupronickels have excellent resistance to corrosion caused by sea water. Metal properties like steel yield strength, density, hardness and other parameters are important factors when designing a mechanical part or selecting the right material for CNC machining services, here we present a simple table of properties of some common metals and detailed metal mechanical properties chart. Carbon monoxide, (CO), a highly toxic, colourless, odourless, flammable gas. Condition Annealed Bars. >> Engineering Materials and Applications. Aramid fiber is an aromatic polyamide, which is better known by tradenames such as Kevler (DuPont) and Twaron (Teijin Twaron). 61 0 obj /Length 52 /GS2 96 0 R It has electrical properties (e.g. Common applications for paraffin wax include lubrication, electrical insulation, and candles. Glasses have widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. /Subtype /Link Table B is the comparison between HRB, BH, HV and Rm, refer to iron-foundry.com. WebThis chart shows you the approximate hardness conversion numbers for non-austenitic steels. Typical applications for this material include valves, pump bodies, crankshafts, gears, and other automotive and machine components because of its good machinability, fatigue strength, and higher modulus of elasticity. WebThe tables below contain equivalents between the common systems of measuring hardness. stream >> /Cs6 98 0 R They have excellent strength, similar to that of low alloy steels, and excellent corrosion resistance especially in seawater and similar environments, where the alloys often outperform many stainless steels. /Rect [348.76303 657.77704 371.82303 671.07996] 1. >> /BBox [0 0 595 839] ksi [MPa] Yield Strength min. 73 0 obj The table may be used for reference. endobj /Border [0 0 0] /Type /Annot The mineral is typically colorless or white, but may also be light blue, dark blue, purple, pink, red, orange, yellow or gray depending on inclusion of other materials, impurities, and structural or isotopic abnormalities in the crystals. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color. Several different scales are used for this measurement, each with its own individual measuring system. Type 304 Type 316. endobj >> /Border [0 0 0] stream /S /URI Hardness Scale for Various Materials. >> If more precise conversions are required, they should be developed for each specific composition and heat treatment. /Subtype /Link xS**T0464R0 ABRDR!9WA? In former standards HB or HBS were used to refer to measurements made with steel indenters. The various indenter types combined with a range of test loads form a matrix of Rockwell hardness scales that are applicable to a wide variety of materials. Other varieties of gem-quality corundum are called sapphires. x+ | stream The Rockwell B penetrator is a 1.59mm (1/16 inch) diametertungsten-carbide balland the major load is 100kg. /Matrix [1 0 0 1 0 0] 1.1 Conversion Table 1 presents data in the Rockwell C hardness range on the relationship among Brinell hardness, Vickers hardness, Rockwell hardness, Rockwell superficial hardness, Knoop hardness, and Scleroscope hardness of non-austenitic steels including carbon, alloy, and tool steels in the as-forged, annealed, normalized, and >> stream endobj WebMATERIAL HARDNESS CROSS-REFERENCE CHART - Chart showing a cross-reference of hardness spome common measurement scales, including ROCKWELL A, B, C and D, BRINELL, VICKERS and KNOOP. WebThe following two conversion tables come from standard ASTM A 370. 187-229. >> >> /Type /Annot Super alloys have good oxidation and creep resistance and can be strengthened by precipitation hardening, solid-solution hardening and work hardening methods. Hardness Conversion. In former standards HB or HBS were used to refer to measurements made with steel indenters. >> WebThe ASTMs Brinell hardness test standard is used by alloy and metal suppliers and users, and its a basic requirement for all hardness testing equipment. Bricks in the metallurgy and glass industries are often used for lining furnaces, in particular refractory bricks such as silica, magnesia, chamotte and neutral (chromomagnesite) refractory bricks. Salt is a mineral composed primarily of sodium chloride (NaCl). WebFor softer metals, the force used is less than for harder metals. 57 0 obj /Filter /FlateDecode /Type /Annot The term carat indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. The hardness is expressed as Brinell hardness number, and is obtained by dividing the load in kilograms, by the surface area of the indention in square millimeters. endobj /Subtype /Link WebHardness Conversion Chart with standards including Brinell, Rockwell B scale, Rockwell C scale, Vickers and others. endobj >> x+ | 87 0 obj Pure gold is a bright, slightly reddish yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. 55 0 obj WebThe data in this table do not represent hardness-to-tensile strength conversions for austenitic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel. WebRelated Resources: manufacturing Brinell Hardness Test Equation and Calculator. >> << x+ | 17 0 obj 38 0 obj Applications range from aircraft components (aircraft structures, such as wings and fuselages) to automotive parts such such as the chassis of the Audi A8. Polyethylene terephthalate, commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, is the most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. This alloy resists the formation of grain-boundary precipitates in the weld heat affected zone, thus making it suitable for most chemical process applications in the as-welded condition. Generally, Ti-6Al-4V is used in applications up to 400 degrees Celsius. The wood from conifers (e.g. Table of Contents 1.WHAT IS HARDNESS? >> /Border [0 0 0] x+ | As a guide we show the theoretical conversion comparison of tonnes tensile in Newtons/mm and MPa to steel hardness. These metals are well known for their extraordinary resistance to heat and wear. They have moderate corrosion resistance, but are considered hard, strong, slightly brittle. Table A - HRC to HB, HV, Rm "P%_!+ The most significant uses of coal are in electricity generation, steel production, cement manufacturing and as a liquid fuel. << The table may be used for reference. /Length 10 /Filter /FlateDecode It is a polymer. /Dest [56 0 R /XYZ null null null] The Brinell hardness number is computed from the equation: There are a variety of test methods in common use (e.g. >> /Filter /FlateDecode Due to very high inertness, titanium has many biomedical applications, which is based on its inertness in the human body, that is, resistance to corrosion by body fluids. >> Nylons can be used as gears, cams, rollers, bearings, nuts and bolts, power tool housings, electrical connectors, combs, coil formers, fuel tanks for cars, kitchen utensils. Gasoline is used primarily as a fuel in most spark-ignited internal combustion engines. Key requirement to withstand high temperatures is a high melting point and stable mechanical properties (e.g. A ruby is a pink to blood-red coloured gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum (aluminium oxide). Each Rockwell hardness scale is identified by a letter designation indicative of the indenter type and the major and minor loads used for the test.

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