This might indicate that in Eastern Europe, population growth is endogenous to wealth to some extent, probably as a result of intra-national (e.g., ruralurban) migration, as international migration only played a minor role in most Eastern countries during the period under study. One of the biggest methodological problems in global cross-country research is the high level of collinearity usually found for many socioeconomic, political, and other variables (Schrodt 2014). We want to hear from you. Holdren JP, Ehrlich PR. Ballester C, Castel J, Intrigliolo DS, Castel JR. Citylab. (2003, p. 224) list five high-level causes of land use change, only one of which specifically involves population growth. Many Western European regions are expected to experience population growth in the coming decades, mostly due to internal population shifts and international immigration. PPD exerted minimal effect on the IAA and GA3 contents in leaves, but high PPD could decrease the ABA content in leaves and increase the ABA concentration in xylem saps. 1990). To answer these questions we estimate the effect of population growth on two dimensions of environmental degradation in Europe, greenhouse gas (CO2) emissions and urban land use, for 1062 European NUTS-3 regions.1 We analyze CO2 emissions and urban growth as outcomes in this paper since these factors are recognized as drivers of adverse climate change by both environmental research and EU policies. The impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 19751996: evidence from pooled cross-country data. According to Lyons, (1968), increasing plant density accelerates the rate of plant growth hence the increased heights in closer spacing at initial stage. For instance, Siedentop and Fina (2012) find that country-specific drivers of urban land use are important beyond demographic and economic variables; this distinction cannot be made in global country-level analyses. Limitations of growth-parameters in Lemna gibba bioassays for arsenic and uranium under variable phosphate availability. In 2008 and 2009, Arhus was named one of the six Eco Cities by the Danish Ministry of Climate and Energya scheme developed in order to acknowledge cutting-edge cities and to inspire other local authorities to make increased efforts in the field of climate and energy (Rasmussen and Christensen 2010, p. 217). According to the theory of demographic transition (Caldwell 1976; Dyson 2010), lower infant and child mortality rates (offset by higher affluence levels) are the primary cause of fertility decline (because humans have fewer children if they can expect more of them to survive). This experiment will explore the effects of crowding (population density) on the growth and health of plants. Some examples from the match tables: Madrid, Spain (high population growth), was matched with Rome, Italy (low population growth). Especially, at a density of 1600 seedling a pot the net growth rate became negative. 2007 Aug 17;147(1-2):74-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.12.047. In the European Union, fertility rates have been at or below replacement level for two or more decades in most countries and projections by the United Nations and others routinely expect Europe to shrinkthe UN (2015) estimates Europe to lose 32,000 people by 2050. In: Mazur L, editor. See this image and copyright information in PMC. A field experiment was made with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) It's important to understand how these factors affect plant growth and development. The ar R Core Team (2013). Has data issue: true Thus, the experiment involved four treatments: (1) wetness with low PPD (WL), (2) wetness with high PPD (WH), (3) rewatering with low PPD (DL), (4) rewatering with high PPD (DH). Bivand R, Piras G. Comparing implementations of estimation methods for spatial econometrics. Error bars indicate 1 standard deviation. You may notice problems with Relationship between ZR contents in. MeSH Some have pointed out that, on a global level, migration is a zero-sum game and therefore world population growth matters, not changes in its spatial distribution (e.g., Mazur 2012). In the East, however, there is no significant correlation between population and emissions change. The study design comprised four treatments: (1) wetness with low PPD, (2) wetness with high PPD, (3) rewatering with low PPD, and (4) rewatering with high PPD. The filtrate was collected into a 5 ml centrifuge tube. However, during the rewatering period, DL and DH showed 15.31% and 27.20% higher average Pn than WL and WH, respectively. Research mostly finds that population growth fosters urban land cover change, but there are geographical differences. Somewhere around 1990, the mood in Europe turned against limiting population growth. CO. Eurostat (2015a). A New Perspective on the Economic Consequences of Population Change. Count Wexford: Environmental Protection Agency. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, Initial level of emissions (4400 tons vs. 4200 tons), per capita GDP (27,500 Euros vs. 27,600 Euros), GDP growth (4.0 vs. 4.1%), coastal location (49 vs. 52%), and location in Western Europe (93 vs. 91%) are very similar among the high and the low population growth groups. The residues of leaf and xylem sap extract samples were dissolved in 0.01 mol/L phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine IAA, GA3, ABA, and ZR concentrations in accordance with previously described methods [2123]. Cytokinin helps increase photosynthetic activity [2528]. The photosynthetic performance changes as the density increases. Returns to womens education. Population, justice, and the environmental challenge. Measurements were taken at seventy five days after planting . As described above, we use two operationalizations for environmental degradation: urban land use growth and CO2 emissions. Thus, the interactions of leaf cytokinin and intraspecific competition caused compensatory growth to occur easily under high PPD. During the rewatering period, DL and DH showed significantly higher average Pn and Gs than WL and WH, respectively. Irelands Greenhouse Gas Emissions in 2006. However, the large increase in the leaf photosynthetic rate caused by rewatering occurred in corn under high PPD compared with corn under low PPD. Thus, it seems as if the more affluent countries have made greater efforts to reduce emissions, but within countries there is no such relationship. 2016 Mar;253(2):543-51. doi: 10.1007/s00709-015-0832-3. We used base R for OLS regressions (R Core Team 2013) and the spdep package (Bivand and Piras 2015) for spatial models. We are experimenting with display styles that make it easier to read articles in PMC. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Three population densities (100, 50, and 25 cm between rows with 10 cm within row spacing), three planting dates in 1974 and two in 1975, and three varieties were used in an experiment carried out at Sindos, Greece, to investigate the effect of the above factors on growth and development of cotton. Effects of deficit irrigation and plant density on the growth, yield and fiber quality of irrigated cotton. 2021 Nov 23;15:11786302211060162. doi: 10.1177/11786302211060162. History of economic analysis. Note Thick black lines denote the median, box limits are 25th and 75th percentile, respectively, red marks are mean values, and jitter points are regions (N = 96 in high population growth group and N = 96 in control group). PMC The biggest theoretical challenges to PE research arguably lie in the insufficient knowledge about interactions and feedbacks between population, environment, and other factors. Plant roots are the primary sites of cytokinin synthesis, from which cytokinin is transported in the xylem sap to the leaves [3436]. For Germany and France, the 2000s was a decade of low net immigration, but Frances major urban agglomerations still increased. Exploring the association between people and deforestation in Madagascar. The experiment included five planting densities in which the plant spacing was 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 cm with the same spacing (50 cm) between rows. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. J Plant Res. After washing four times with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) + Tween 20 [0.1% (v/v)] buffer (pH 7.4), each well was filled with 50 L of either corn sample extract or IAA, GA3, ABA, and ZR standards and 50 L of 20 g/mL antibodies against IAA, GA3, ABA, and ZR. SWC was determined by weighing the pots every 5 h over the period of 6:00 am to 9:00 pm. Especially, at a density of 1600 seedling a pot the net growth rate became negative. These differences can entirely be attributed to the country level, however, and disappear once the country level is included. It might seem counterintuitive to select contemporary Europe as the location to examine the effects of population growth. Wang XL, Ma K, Qi L, Liu YH, Shi J, Li XL, Zhang LX, Liu W, Song P. Front Plant Sci. Reducing emissions of a growing population requires significant planning and investment. Prez-Prez JG, Romero P, Navarro JM, Bota P. Response of sweet orange cv Lane late to deficit-irrigation strategy in two rootstocks. Zhang H, Tan GL, Yang LN, Yang JC, Zhang JH, Zhao BH. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao. Coefficients of variation ( CV ) and the Gini coefficient ( G ), Fig 4. II: Flowering, fruit growth, yield and fruit quality. Honaker J, King G, Blackwell M. Amelia II: A program for missing data. Consider, for instance, that many immigrants in Europe came as workers in the 1960s and 1970s and clustered into industrial areas. Even differences in fertility rates between urban and rural regions, which were prominent until the mid-twentieth century, have almost disappeared. Timothy D. Schowalter, in Insect Ecology (Second Edition), 2006 IV Effects of seed predation and dispersal. Our ecological footprint: Reducing human impact on the earth. Hostname: page-component-6f888f4d6d-nb6th In the year 2000, according to the second wave of the Population Policy Acceptance Study, only 8% of the respondents in 12 European countries preferred their respective populations to decrease, compared to 49% who favored an increase (Hhn et al. This is because France and Ethiopia also differ with regard to previous levels of population density and state of the environment as well as many other economic, technological, and other factors. My Research and Language Selection Sign into My Research Create My Research Account English; Help and support. Although final vegetative above-ground . 2006 Sep;65(1):118-28. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2005.05.020. An official website of the United States government. Insufficient growth resource inevitably played a negative role in photosynthesis. 3). 2009). LAKE COUNTY, Calif. On Wednesday, arguments continued in a case against the county of Lake over the approval last year of the Maha Guenoc Valley resort near Middletown. The Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. E&EB 122 - Lecture 26 - Population Growth: Density Effects. Siedentop S, Fina S. Who sprawls most? In 1983/84 and 1988/89, there were asymptotic relationships between plant population density and both total dry-matter production and total head (capsule plus seed) yield at maturity. eCollection 2022. Corn growth and productivity in Northern China are usually restrained by water shortage. The question of whether population growth is harmful for the environment cannot be solved by solely looking at the discourse. For inducing drought stress, water was not added to the soil during the first 23 days of treatment to allow the soil water to dissipate. Due to a delay between the onsets of mortality and fertility decline, a population grows rapidly for a certain period and then stabilizes at a higher level. The Journal of Agricultural Science, Vol. With regard to CO2 emissions, the differences are similarly large (see Fig. In May, 2017, 200 stacked pots were prepared for the experiment. By contrast, urban growth is strongly determined by regional per capita GDP in the formerly communist countries, while affluence has no impact in the West. This finding showed that rewatering could increase Pn and Gs. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Here, we determined key soil properties and plant growth characteristics associated with different population densities of A. sphaerocephala (including from 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.9 to 5.3 plants per m2) in the resource-limited Alashan desert of northwestern China. In a and b, the regression lines are y = 1.9542x + 95.909 (R2 = 0.8874, n = 9, p < 0.01) and y = 1.8631x +101.45 (R2 = 0.8631, n = 9, p < 0.01), respectively.

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