MITRE ATT&CK and ATT&CK are registered trademarks of The MITRE Corporation. AuthorizationAuthorization is the approval, permission, or empowerment for someone or something to do something. Traceroute (tracert.exe)Traceroute is a tool the maps the route a packet takes from the local machine to a remote destination. Files, network ports, and other hardware also have an SELinux context, consisting of a name, role (seldom used), and type. SocketThe socket tells a host's IP stack where to plug in a data stream so that it connects to the right application. useful in the first place. Secure Electronic Transactions (SET)Secure Electronic Transactions is a protocol developed for credit card transactions in which all parties (customers, merchant, and bank) are authenticated using digital signatures, encryption protects the message and provides integrity, and provides end-to-end security for credit card transactions online. Having different information or activities in multiple windows may also make it easier for you to do your work. SELinux was designed to demonstrate the value of mandatory access controls to the Linux community and how such controls could be added to Linux. tianocore/Tianocore.github.io Wiki", "The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) The Linux Kernel documentation", "Aptio: The Complete UEFI Product Solution", "Microsoft Announces "Project Mu" For Open-Source UEFI Alternative To TianoCore", Universal Binary Programming Guidelines, Second Edition: Extensible Firmware Interface (EFI), Apple's Transition from Open Firmware to Extensible Firmware Interface, "Intel Platform Innovation Framework for UEFI Overview", "Windows Hardware Certification Requirements for Client and Server Systems", "Microsoft: All You Need to Know About Windows 8 on ARM", "Ubuntu will use GRUB 2 for its Secure Boot implementation", Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) Implementation Guidelines, https://www.linux-kvm.org/downloads/lersek/ovmf-whitepaper-c770f8c.txt, "Unified Extended Firmware Interface support in Windows Vista", "Microsoft Touts Incredible Windows 8 Boot Times", "Windows 8 secure boot could complicate Linux installs", "Find Windows 11 specs, features, and computer requirements", "VMWare Workstation EFI firmware | VMware Communities", "Using EFI/UEFI firmware in a VMware Virtual Machine | VMware Communities", "Announcing VMware Workstation 14 - VMware Workstation Zealot", "What's New in Hyper-V for Windows Server 2012 R2", "TianoCore on SourceForge: EDK2 Application Development Kit (EADK)", "coreboot (aka LinuxBIOS): The Free/Open-Source x86 Firmware", "Is Microsoft Blocking Linux Booting on ARM Hardware? My name is Dtrack. Operation Wocao: Shining a light on one of Chinas hidden hacking groups. Default accounts also include default factory/provider set accounts on other types of systems, software, or devices, including the root user account in AWS and the default service account in Kubernetes. Retrieved March 23, 2018. displayed to a remote user trying to connect to a service. Rule Set Based Access Control (RSBAC)Rule Set Based Access Control targets actions based on rules for entities operating on objects. The VMware ESXi version 5 hypervisor, part of, This page was last edited on 3 November 2022, at 09:18. The client side of SOCKS is built into certain Web browsers and the server side can be added to a proxy server. [8], Misdat has created registry keys for persistence, including HKCU\Software\dnimtsoleht\StubPath, HKCU\Software\snimtsOleht\StubPath, HKCU\Software\Backtsaleht\StubPath, HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Active Setup\Installed. Langendorf, S. (2013, September 24). go somewhere - can overflow into adjacent buffers, corrupting or setenforce, This could give you advanced warning of a more concerted attack. Full DuplexA type of duplex communications channel which carries data in both directions at once. ITU-TInternational Telecommunications Union, Telecommunication Standardization Sector (formerly "CCITT"), a United Nations treaty organization that is composed mainly of postal, telephone, and telegraph authorities of the member countries and that publishes standards called "Recommendations.". What is Cron Weekly? Multi-HomedYou are "multi-homed" if your network is directly connected to two or more ISP's. ByteA fundamental unit of computer storage; the and analysis of assets to ensure such things as policy compliance and Retrieved December 29, 2020. The sensor can only see the packets that happen to be carried on the network segment it's attached to. Logic GateA logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Socket PairA way to uniquely specify a connection, i.e., source IP address, source port, destination IP address, destination port. Typically the e-mail and the web site looks like they are part of a bank the user is doing business with. and provides guidance on how to secure an information system. Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) commonly employ countermeasures to prevent intruders form gaining further access to a computer network. Kernel Modules and Extensions Re-opened Applications LSASS Driver Activate Firmware Update Mode Alarm Suppression Block Command Message Procedure Examples. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)The protocol in the Internet Protocol (IP) family used to transport hypertext documents across an internet. Yonathan Klijnsma. HostAny computer that has full two-way access to other computers on the Internet. Microsoft. Domain Name System (DNS)The domain name system (DNS) is the way that Internet domain names are located and translated into Internet Protocol addresses. AppArmor was developed as a component to the now-defunct Immunix Linux platform. PolymorphismPolymorphism is the process by which malicious software changes its underlying code to avoid detection. Retrieved April 6, 2022. secon,[23] SSL works by using a public key to encrypt data that's transferred over the SSL connection. Retrieved February 11, 2019. The routing daemon updates the kernel's routing table with information it receives from neighbor routers. Issue-Specific PolicyAn Issue-Specific Policy is intended to address specific needs within an organization, such as a password policy. Risks of Default Passwords on the Internet. the pair for different steps of the algorithm. Domain and is an implementation of DNS. Github PowerShellEmpire. Wireless Application ProtocolA specification for a set of communication protocols to standardize the way that wireless devices, such as cellular telephones and radio transceivers, can be used for Internet access, including e-mail, the World Wide Web, newsgroups, and Internet Relay Chat. System-Specific PolicyA System-specific policy is a policy written for a specific system or device. BotnetA botnet is a large number of compromised A windowing system uses a window manager to keep track of where each window is located on the display screen and its size and status. Hardware types are quite detailed, for instance, bin_t (all files in the folder /bin) or postgresql_port_t (PostgreSQL port, 5432). Network-Based IDSA network-based IDS system monitors the traffic on its network segment as a data source. system is assigned a globally unique number, sometimes called an BitThe smallest unit of information storage; a Asymmetric WarfareAsymmetric warfare is the fact that a small investment, properly leveraged, can yield incredible results. Only one process per machine can listen on the same port number. In contrast, the security of a "modified" system (based on an SELinux kernel) depends primarily on the correctness of the kernel and its security-policy configuration. HopsA hop is each exchange with a gateway a packet takes on its way to the destination. The administrator does not want to give the user(s) root access on the box so they give them, There is no notion of multilevel security with AppArmor, thus there is no hard. SHA1A one way cryptographic hash function. Third-party tools enable one to build a variety of security policies. Limiting privilege to the minimum required to work reduces or eliminates the ability of these programs and daemons to cause harm if faulty or compromised (for example via buffer overflows or misconfigurations). network with messages as a denial of service attack. Network-based IDS involves looking at the packets on the network as they pass by some sensor. To enable authentication, Kerberos requires that SPNs be associated with at least one service logon account (an account specifically tasked with running a service[3]). TCP Half Open ScanTCP Half Open scans work by performing the first half of a three-way handshake to determine if a port is open. Because the owner tends to be unaware, these computers are metaphorically compared to zombies. UDP uses the Internet Protocol to get a datagram from one computer to another but does not divide a message into packets (datagrams) and reassemble it at the other end. Request for Comment (RFC)A series of notes about the Internet, started in 1969 (when the Internet was the ARPANET). DaemonA program which is often started at the time the system boots and runs continuously without intervention from any of the users on the system. This presence is also reflected in corresponding versions of CentOS and Scientific Linux. It contains partially redundant hardware and software, with telecommunications, telephone and utility connectivity to continue some, but not all primary site operations. SELinux is popular in systems based on linux containers, such as CoreOS Container Linux and rkt. VirusA hidden, self-replicating section of computer software, usually malicious logic, that propagates by infecting - i.e., inserting a copy of itself into and becoming part of - another program. AWS Account Root User. Monitor for changes made to files that may configure system settings to automatically execute a program during system boot or logon to maintain persistence or gain higher-level privileges on compromised systems. Stateful inspection is a firewall architecture that works at the network layer. PermutationPermutation keeps the same letters but changes the position within a text to scramble the message. Logic bombs may also be set to go off on a certain date or when a specified set of circumstances occurs. Sometimes called the syntax layer. embedded code is automatically downloaded and executed on the user's SegmentSegment is another name for TCP packets. Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA)An algorithm for asymmetric cryptography, invented in 1977 by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. The layers are in two groups. Central management of AppArmor is usually complicated considerably since administrators must decide between configuration deployment tools being run as root (to allow policy updates) or configured manually on each server. Personal FirewallsPersonal firewalls are those firewalls that are installed and run on individual PCs. Service Principal Names. Typical policy rules consist of explicit permissions, for example, which domains the user must possess to perform certain actions with the given target (read, execute, or, in case of network port, bind or connect), and so on. Whereas SELinux re-invents certain concepts to provide access to a more expressive set of policy choices, AppArmor was designed to be simple by extending the same administrative semantics used for DAC up to the mandatory access control level. The signature is computed using rules and parameters such that the identity of the signer and the integrity of the signed data can be verified. Social EngineeringA euphemism for non-technical or low-technology means - such as lies, impersonation, tricks, bribes, blackmail, and threats - used to attack information systems. workstation. This page was last edited on 20 July 2022, at 13:17. DumpSecDumpSec is a security tool that dumps a variety of information about a system's users, file system, registry, permissions, password policy, and services. The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a publicly available specification that defines a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware.UEFI replaces the legacy Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) boot firmware originally present in all IBM PC-compatible personal computers, with most UEFI firmware implementations providing support for legacy Multi-Category Security (MCS) is an enhancement to SELinux for Red Hat Enterprise Linux that allows users to label files with categories, in order to further restrict access through discretionary access control and type enforcement. HubA hub is a network device that operates by repeating data that it receives on one port to all the other ports. CellA cell is a unit of data transmitted over an ATM network. one that can be implemented by a computer. Rootkit Subvert Trust Controls Gatekeeper Bypass Activate Firmware Update Mode Alarm Suppression Block Command Message Block Reporting Message Procedure Examples. system, and blocking that activity when possible. Trojan HorseA computer program that appears to have a useful function, but also has a hidden and potentially malicious function that evades security mechanisms, sometimes by exploiting legitimate authorizations of a system entity that invokes the program. ID Name Description; G1006 : Earth Lusca : Earth Lusca used the command schtasks /Create /SC ONLOgon /TN WindowsUpdateCheck /TR "[file path]" /ru system for persistence.. S0447 : Lokibot : Lokibot's second stage DLL has set a timer using "timeSetEvent" to schedule its next execution.. S0125 : Remsec : Remsec schedules the execution one of its modules by creating a new Null SessionKnown as Anonymous Logon, it is a way of letting an anonymous user retrieve information such as user names and shares over the network or connect without authentication. Protocols exist at several levels in a telecommunication connection. IP ForwardingIP forwarding is an Operating System option that allows a host to act as a router. This means that, for example, a file that is inaccessible may become accessible under AppArmor when a hard link is created to it, while SELinux would deny access through the newly created hard link. Reverse LookupFind out the hostname that corresponds to a particular IP address. EncapsulationThe inclusion of one data structure within another structure so that the first data structure is hidden for the time being. Fault Line AttacksFault Line Attacks use weaknesses between interfaces of systems to exploit gaps in coverage. For every current user or process, SELinux assigns a three string context consisting of a username, role, and domain (or type). Security-Enhanced Linux implements the Flux Advanced Security Kernel (FLASK). One method should always work even when faced with kernel mode rootkits. Other counter measures are patches, access control lists and malware filters. User Datagram Protocol (UDP)A communications protocol that, like TCP, runs on top of IP networks. Some are designed only to be read by system applications. Schroeder, W. (2016, November 1). Common topologies include a bus, star, and ring. Digital EnvelopeA digital envelope is an encrypted message with the encrypted session key. Source PortThe port that a host uses to connect to a server. The "org" part of the domain name reflects the purpose of the organization or entity (in this example, "organization") and is called the top-level domain name. CorruptionA threat action that undesirably alters system operation by adversely modifying system functions or data. It has a number chosen at random that is greater than 1023. G0034 : Sandworm Team : ID Name Description; G0016 : APT29 : APT29 obtained a list of users and their roles from an Exchange server using Get-ManagementRoleAssignment.. S0445 : ShimRatReporter : ShimRatReporter listed all non-privileged and privileged accounts available on the machine.. S0658 : XCSSET : XCSSET attempts to discover accounts from various locations such as a TCP FingerprintingTCP fingerprinting is the user of odd packet header combinations to determine a remote operating system. Ephemeral PortAlso called a transient port or a temporary port. Autonomous SystemOne network or series of [7]. Monitor for newly constructed logon behavior across default accounts that have been activated or logged into. Domain NameA domain name locates an organization or other entity on the Internet. Stuxnet includes rootkit abilities at both user and kernel mode. Because AppArmor and SELinux differ radically from one another, they form distinct alternatives for software control. Most often, a tunnel is a logical point-to-point link - i.e., an OSI layer 2 connection - created by encapsulating the layer 2 protocol in a transport protocol (such as TCP), in a network or inter-network layer protocol (such as IP), or in another link layer protocol. Reverse ProxyReverse proxies take public HTTP requests and pass them to back-end webservers to send the content to it, so the proxy can then send the content to the end-user. A kernel mode rootkit is a sophisticated piece of malware that can add new code to the operating system or delete and edit operating system code. It provides an enhanced mechanism to enforce the separation of information based on confidentiality and integrity requirements, which allows threats of tampering, and bypassing of application security mechanisms, to be addressed and enables the confinement of damage that can be caused by malicious or flawed applications. A router usually receives a packet from a network and decides where to forward it on a second network. Symmetric KeyA cryptographic key that is used in a symmetric cryptographic algorithm. Egress FilteringFiltering outbound traffic. It can be either a reserved section of main memory or an independent high-speed storage device. Echo RequestAn echo request is an ICMP message sent to a machine to determine if it is online and how long traffic takes to get to it. An HTTP server, when sending data to a client, may send along a cookie, which the client retains after the HTTP connection closes. Due CareDue care ensures that a minimal level of protection is in place in accordance with the best practice in the industry. Non-Human-Readable Logs. Split KeyA cryptographic key that is divided into two or more separate data items that individually convey no knowledge of the whole key that results from combining the items. Also see "regression testing". ID Name Description; S0045 : ADVSTORESHELL : ADVSTORESHELL exfiltrates data over the same channel used for C2. To help mitigate against the execution of malicious or unauthorized code in kernel mode, enforce kernel module signature validation on supported Linux virtual machines. NTDLL.DLL is only used by some programs, but it is a dependency of most Win32 libraries used by programs. ForestA forest is a set of Active Directory domains that replicate their databases with each other. DisassemblyThe process of taking a binary program and deriving the source code from it. Retrieved April 6, 2018. British Standard 7799A standard code of practice This ensures that systems receiving the information correctly interpret when the data transmission starts. ID Name Description; S0537 : HyperStack : Daily or weekly data synchronization usually occurs between the primary and warm site, resulting in minimum data loss. Standard ACLs (Cisco)Standard ACLs on Cisco routers make packet filtering decisions based on Source IP address only. RiskRisk is the product of the level of threat with the level of vulnerability. FragmentationThe process of storing a data file in several "chunks" or fragments rather than in a single contiguous sequence of bits in one place on the storage medium. PayloadPayload is the actual application data a packet contains. Star PropertyIn Star Property, a user cannot write data to a lower classification level without logging in at that lower classification level. Dynamic Routing ProtocolAllows network devices to learn routes. Layer 3: The network layerThis layer handles the routing of the data (sending it in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions and receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level). instructions for a problem-solving or computation procedure, especially SignatureA Signature is a distinct pattern in network traffic that can be identified to a specific tool or exploit. Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)A protocol that defines how a client should fetch mail from and return mail to a mail server. correlation between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address. An IDS gathers and analyzes information from various areas within a computer or a network to identify possible security breaches, which include both intrusions (attacks from outside the organization) and misuse (attacks from within the organization). SELinux represents one of several possible approaches to the problem of restricting the actions that installed software can take. Threat VectorThe method a threat uses to get to the target. Inetd (xinetd)Inetd (or Internet Daemon) is an application that controls smaller internet services like telnet, ftp, and POP. [2] Also consider using Group Managed Service Accounts or another third party product such as password vaulting. Hello! Java, ActiveX (MS). TCP Full Open ScanTCP Full Open scans check each port by performing a full three-way handshake on each port to determine if it was open. Symmetric cryptography is sometimes called "secret-key cryptography" (versus public-key cryptography) because the entities that share the key. Session KeyIn the context of symmetric encryption, a key that is temporary or is used for a relatively short period of time. HAL.DLL is a kernel-mode library file and it cannot be used by any user-mode program. A hot site is the most expensive option. Password Authentication Protocol (PAP)Password Authentication Protocol is a simple, weak authentication mechanism where a user enters the password and it is then sent across the network, usually in the clear. getsebool,[28] Layer 2 Forwarding Protocol (L2F)An Internet protocol (originally developed by Cisco Corporation) that uses tunneling of PPP over IP to create a virtual extension of a dial-up link across a network, initiated by the dial-up server and transparent to the dial-up user. Monitor for modifications of mechanisms that could be used to trigger autostart execution, such as relevant additions to the Registry. [3][4] The key concepts underlying SELinux can be traced to several earlier projects by the United States National Security Agency (NSA). PacketA piece of a message transmitted over a packet-switching network. tickets. Stepanic, D.. (2020, January 13). BiometricsBiometrics use physical characteristics of the users to determine access. KernelThe essential center of a computer operating system, the core that provides basic services for all other parts of the operating system. [3], Prevent administrator accounts from being enumerated when an application is elevating through UAC since it can lead to the disclosure of account names. Retrieved September 20, 2021. Threat ModelA threat model is used to describe a given threat and the harm it could to do a system if it has a vulnerability. Tiny Fragment AttackWith many IP implementations it is possible to impose an unusually small fragment size on outgoing packets. HardeningHardening is the process of identifying and fixing vulnerabilities on a system. CARBON SPIDER Embraces Big Game Hunting, Part 1. authorized use. Examples: winpmem_mini_x64.exe physmem.raw. ID Name Description; S0651 : BoxCaon : BoxCaon established persistence by setting the HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Windows\load registry key to point to its executable.. S0567 : Dtrack : Dtracks RAT makes a persistent target file with auto execution on the host start.. S0084 : Mis-Type : Mis-Type has created registry keys for The kind of response received indicates whether the port is used and can therefore be probed for weakness. prevent virus infection by monitoring for malicious activity on a Static RoutingStatic routing means that routing table entries contain information that does not change. Business Continuity Plan (BCP)A Business In the case of file systems, mapping between files and the security contexts is called labeling. These operations are then compared with a pre-defined security policy. Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)A protocol developed by Netscape for transmitting private documents via the Internet. MonocultureMonoculture is the case where a large number of users run the same software, and are vulnerable to the same attacks. accessible to those who need to use it. CiphertextCiphertext is the encrypted form of the message being sent. Also known as Honey Client. CronCron is a Unix application that runs jobs for users and administrators at scheduled times of the day. Cut-ThroughCut-Through is a method of switching where only the header of a packet is read before it is forwarded to its destination. Basic telecommunications, telephone and utility connectivity might need turning on to continue some, but not all primary site operations. (2019, September 23). (n.d.). Digital SignatureA digital signature is a hash of a message that uniquely identifies the sender of the message and proves the message hasn't changed since transmission. DomainA sphere of knowledge, or a collection of facts about some program entities or a number of network points or addresses, identified by a name. Separation of DutiesSeparation of duties is the principle of splitting privileges among multiple individuals or systems. Basic AuthenticationBasic Authentication is the Brute ForceA cryptanalysis technique or other While problems with the correctness or configuration of applications may allow the limited compromise of individual user programs and system daemons, they do not necessarily pose a threat to the security of other user programs and system daemons or to the security of the system as a whole. As a result, AppArmor can be said not to be a. SELinux and AppArmor also differ significantly in how they are administered and how they integrate into the system. When the page is accessed by a web browser, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)A set of rules (protocol) used along with the Internet Protocol to send data in the form of message units between computers over the Internet. ID Data Source Data Component Detects; DS0017: Command: Command Execution: Monitor executed commands and arguments to bypass security restrictions that limit the use of command-line interpreters. In the Internet's domain name system, a domain is a name with which name server records are associated that describe sub-domains or host. Cron weekly are the special jobs which need to execute only once in each of the week. Of course, the user must first enter this information into the system. critical resources and facilitate the continuity of operations in an Internet StandardA specification, approved by the IESG and published as an RFC, that is stable and well-understood, is technically competent, has multiple, independent, and interoperable implementations with substantial operational experience, enjoys significant public support, and is recognizably useful in some or all parts of the Internet. Routing Information Protocol (RIP)Routing Information Protocol is a distance vector protocol used for interior gateway routing which uses hop count as the sole metric of a path's cost. Each communicating user or program is at a computer equipped with these seven layers of function. ID Name Description; G0006 : APT1 : The APT1 group is known to have used pass the hash.. G0007 : APT28 : APT28 has used pass the hash for lateral movement.. G0050 : APT32 : APT32 has used pass the hash for lateral movement.. G0114 : Chimera : Chimera has dumped password hashes for use in pass the hash authentication attacks.. S0154 : Cobalt Strike : Cobalt Strike The lower three layers (up to the network layer) are used when any message passes through the host computer or router. A fault in any one of these areas may allow the compromise of the entire system. Groups and users are managed by their unique numerical identifiers GID and UID.. UID: User IDentifier.Unique user ID. Depending on the size of the audit trail and the processing ability of the system, the review of audit data could result in the loss of a real-time analysis capability. network (LAN) to another local area network that uses the same protocol Configuration ManagementEstablish a known baseline condition and manage it. SOCKS uses sockets to represent and keep track of individual connections. Log ClippingLog clipping is the selective removal of log entries from a system log to hide a compromise. Password SniffingPassive wiretapping, usually on a local area network, to gain knowledge of passwords. Retrieved March 26, 2018. Communications in which both sender and receiver can send at the same time. OSI divides telecommunication into seven layers. For example, http://www.pcwebopedia.com/ind . administration, maintenance, monitoring, and revocation. 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