Weakness and fatigue. Thecollective unconscious, as described byJung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. c. The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). Confusion. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). 2. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Generally, alcohol is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control. While this is an intuitive explanation of sleep, there is little research that supports this explanation. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. (Jayanthi & Ramamoorthy, 2005; Rothman, Blough, & Baumann, 2007). Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. (credit a: modification of work by Todd Huffman), Psychedelic images like this are often associated with hallucinogenic compounds. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. For example, people who undergo chemotherapy will often be prescribed marijuana to stimulate their appetites and prevent excessive weight loss resulting from the side effects of chemotherapy treatment. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Marijuana, LSD, Peyote, mescaline, DMT, dissociative anesthetics including ketamine and PCP, Increased heart rate and blood pressure that may dissipate over time, Mild to intense perceptual changes with high variability in effects based on strain, method of ingestion, and individual differences, Understand what is meant by consciousness, Explain how circadian rhythms are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle, and how circadian cycles can be disrupted, Describe areas of the brain involved in sleep, Understand hormone secretions associated with sleep, Describe several theories aimed at explaining the function of sleep, Differentiate between REM and non-REM sleep, Describe the differences between the three stages of non-REM sleep, Understand the role that REM and non-REM sleep play in learning and memory, Describe the symptoms and treatments of insomnia, Recognize the symptoms of several parasomnias, Describe the symptoms and treatments for sleep apnea, Recognize risk factors associated with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and steps to prevent it, Describe the symptoms and treatments for narcolepsy. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Identifying Internal States of the Brain | Technology Networks His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). By the end of this section, you will be able to: Consciousnessdescribes our awareness of internal and external stimuli. The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). The different stages of sleep will be identified, and sleep disorders will be described. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Loss of appetite. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Some sleep-deprived individuals have difficulty staying awake when they stop moving (for example sitting and watching television or driving a car). 23. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Large-scale public health campaigns by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of Drug Abuse have led to recent declines in the opioid crisis. Has something like this ever happened to you? Disorganized Thinking. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Think meditation might help? Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Fever. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. . PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. For example, irritability, distractibility, and impairments in cognitive and moral judgment can occur with fewer than four hours of sleep. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. Medical marijuana is marijuana that is prescribed by a doctor for the treatment of a health condition. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Signs of inflammation help healthcare providers in making a diagnosis. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. I was really sleepy and having trouble concentrating. Its simply that they feel so overwhelmed and stressed that they cannot fall asleep or stay asleep. However, for some, its not because of all-night partying or late-night study sessions. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). C) the severity and duration of the problem. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Add a comment. Sleep is not a uniform state of being. Contrary to popular belief, individuals undergoing hypnosis usually have clear memories of the hypnotic experience and are in control of their own behaviors. Sore throat. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Loss of appetite. There is quite a bit of controversy within the scientific community as to the extent to which marijuana might have medicinal benefits due to a lack of large-scale, controlled research (Bostwick, 2012). Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. In the latter part of 2013, however, the United States Department of Justice issued statements indicating that they would not continue to challenge state medical marijuana laws. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. c++ - What is internal state? - Stack Overflow That is why individuals suffering from sleep deprivation can also put themselves and others at risk when they put themselves behind the wheel of a car or work with dangerous machinery. Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. Sleep apneais defined by episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. Generally, and for most people, our circadian cycles are aligned with the outside world. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). . Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Unfortunately, this is not the case; however, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the function of sleep. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). Many college students struggle getting the recommended 79 hours of sleep each night. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Furthermore, slow-wave sleep after learning a new task can improve resultant performance on that task (Huber, Ghilardi, Massimini, & Tononi, 2004) and seems essential for effective memory formation (Stickgold, 2005). Psychological dependence on these drugs is also possible. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Delusions. However, alternative treatment options are being explored because consistent compliance by users of CPAP devices is a problem. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. In Falaters case, a jury found him guilty of first degree murder in June of 1999 (CNN, 1999); however, there are other murder cases where the sleepwalking defense has been used successfully. It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) serves as the brains clock mechanism. Heroin can be snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008).

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