What anecdote, or short personal story, does Didion tell at the beginning of the essay "Georgia O'Keeffe"? White Lotus Rebellion | Military Wiki | Fandom It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The rules of Emperor Kangxi from 1661 to 1772 and Emperor Qianlong from 1735 to 1796 were still considered the golden age of prosperity. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. This rebellion wasn't the direct down fall of the Qing dynasty. He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. When Chinese peasants raised a huge anti-foreigner movement in 1900, called the Boxer Rebellion, they initially opposed both the Qing ruling family and the European powers (plus Japan). The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The dynasty had to resort to a strategy of removing all food supplies from the countryside and collecting the peasants into a series of armed stockades. As you might expect, the collapse of China's Qing dynasty was a long and complex process. Fall of China's Qing Dynasty: Causes and Consequences - ThoughtCo On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. //White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster Encyclopedia.com. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. - marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. "[5] The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. How did the Rebellion impact Qing society? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The White Lotus led impoverished settlers into rebellion, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. Encyclopedia.com. He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. ", Without any clear enemy to fight, brutality against civilians became more common. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. Instead, Britain began a lucrative, illicit trade in opium, traded from British imperial India into Canton, far from Beijing. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. In response, the Qing Empress Dowager Cixi clamped down hard on reformers. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. Japan stripped away Taiwan, took effective control of Korea (formerly a Chinese tributary) following the First Sino-Japanese War of 189596, and also imposed unequal trade demands in the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki. Vast sums of money earmarked for the campaign against the rebels, however, were embezzled by the imperial favourite Heshen and his friends. The White Lotus Rebellion was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. "Reluctant guerrillas in early nineteenth century China: the White Lotus insurgents and their suppressors. The Cult of the White Lotus, a secret revolutionary society, has once again become popular among the common people. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. It was an organized religion, which was once popular in Yuan Dynasty. After the strnggle had lasted six years, Lin Chi-hich was captunredd. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The Rebellion is estimated to have caused the deaths of some 100,000 rebels.[1][2]. Southern Shensi, with its great amounts of vacant land, attracted immigrants on a large scale after severe famines and crop failures had occurred in Hupeh and Szechwan provinces in the 1770s. . It took almost ten years and huge financial waste to defeat the badly equipped White Lotus Rebellion (1795-1804), partly by legitimizing militias led by local Hn Chinese elites. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. 22 Feb. 2023 . [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. When you visit the site, Dotdash Meredith and its partners may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. [13], Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. At the same time, technologies for treating contagious diseases such as smallpox, and the extensive use of fertilizers and irrigation techniques were also imported from the West. Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. Led by Lin Qing (; 1770-1813) and Li Wencheng, the revolt occurred in the Zhili, Shandong, and Henan provinces of China. "Broken Passage to the Summit: Nayanchengs Botched Mission in the White Lotus War." however it was indirectly responsible because it was the catalyst for the other rebellions that occurred in the future. "White Lotus Rebellion The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. In 1775, a chief of the White Lotus Society, named Liu Sung, was banished from Anhwei to Kansuh after sending people to the area under pretext of healing diseases by prayer and incantation, to gain adherents to his cause in Western China. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Qing Dynasty, China's Last Imperial Family, The Boxer Rebellion in Editorial Cartoons, Biography of Sun Yat-sen, Chinese Revolutionary Leader, The Fall of the Ming Dynasty in China in 1644, Tibet and China: History of a Complex Relationship, The Complex Structure of Ethnic Conflict in the Frontier: Through the Debates Around the 'Jindandao Incident' in 1891, The Monarch and Inner/Outer Court Dualism in Late Imperial China, 'Revolution': Conceptualizing Political and Social Change in the Late Qing Dynasty, Moving to the Right Place at the Right Time: Economic Effects on Migrants of the Manchuria Plague of 191011, Size and Dynastic Decline: The Principal-Agent Problem in Late Imperial China, 17001850. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Dimitri Vegas, Steve Aoki The White Lotus Theme (Aloha!) - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Find your perfect car with Edmunds expert reviews, car comparisons, and pricing tools. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. The Chinese authorities burned 20,000 bales of opium, and the British retaliated with a devastating invasion of mainland China, in two wars known as the Opium Wars of 183942 and 185660. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. This internecine war lasted over ten years, at a cost of tens of thousands of lives and an expenditure, by the government alone, of two hundred million taels in money. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. "Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History." [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. [CDATA[ When the White Lotus Rebellion (1796-1804) occurred, the dynasty was forced to turn to peasant soldiers to suppress the rebels in central and southern China, since the regular army lacked the necessary strength and morale. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. "Rebellion and Religious Identity: The Case of the White Lotus Uprising (17961804)", This page was last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. In 1774, one instance of a derivative sect, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing near the city of Linqing. [6] The group forecast the advent of Maitreya, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming Dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers while promising the return of the Buddha.[7]. Civil conflicts including the White Lotus Rebellion (1774-1805), Xinjiang wars (1820s and 1860s) and Taiping Civil War (1850-64) broke out across Qing China. The Emperor Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung) (reigned 173599) sent Helin, brother to the infamously corrupt eunuch Heshen and Fukangan, related by marriage to the Emperor, to quell the uprising. By that time, however, the regular government forces were too ridden with corruption to be of any use. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. One of the tools they used to stay in power was a very strict restriction on trade. Other White Lotus spinoffs include the Eight Trigrams, the Tiger Whips, and the Yihequan (Boxers). J.D., University of Washington School of Law, B.A., History, Western Washington University. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). This rebellion was less successful than that of the Red Turbans, and the Qing government succeeded in crushing this uprising. Chien-lung White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. At the . 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. (February 22, 2023). Unable to build up a support base, he was forced to quickly flee all three cities that he attacked in order to evade government troops. The White Lotus Rebellion - Home Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). The White Lotus Rebellion Another important rebellion launched by members of the White Lotus Society was the White Lotus Rebellion . At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The Tipng Rebellion (1850-1864), a large-scale uprising that started in southern China, marched within miles of the capital in 1853. Matt, I think religion played an important rule in peasants' rebellion in ancient China. White Lotus Rebellion | Encyclopedia.com He simply and quietly disappeared. [8] The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. Forty-eight years later, Zeng Guofan, leader of Hunan-based Xiang Army studied the Qing government's methods during the White Lotus Rebellion and he was inspired by them while he was considering ways to suppress the Taiping Rebellion. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures which were used by the religious groups. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. Decline and Fall of China Yuan Dynasty The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. It took nine years of warfare and great loss. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica window.__mirage2 = {petok:"uAtwiiQKDz3pej8tikjjXf8qtftBywxw48FuRjxp2JM-86400-0"}; Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to .

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