He stated that Hong Kong needed more treatment facilities and new outfalls constructed sufficiently far out to sea, and promoted a new department to help achieve this. HK frequently experiences tropical cyclones with an avg. Another common problem relating to repair and maintenance is the difficulty in gaining access to internal pipework. Victoria Harbour is a precious natural asset and an integral part of Hong Kongs identity. Drain outlets or the drainage system - U-traps . The full Stage I system, which treats 75% of the sewage generated by the urban areas around the harbour, came online in December 2001. The three divisions, namely Hong Kong & Islands, Mainland South and Mainland North, of the Operation and Maintenance Branch maintain the record of existing public sewerage and stormwater drainage systems in the Territory. Engineer (Climate Change) Drainage Services Department . Ti sao khng nn gia nhit ng ng thot nc? It was built at a cost of HK$3.4 billion. Other cities use treated wastewater for sewage, or desalinated seawater, but Hong Kong is the only large city in the world that has built a whole sewage system around the use of minimally treated water drawn from the sea that surrounds it. If you are reading this article, chances are good you have received that notice. The mode of its transmission is mainly from human to human, through respiratory droplets and physical contact. 1; 2; 3; First Prev 3 of 3 Go to page. Training can be provided for participants such as licensed plumbers, registered professional engineer (RPE) and registered professional surveyor (RPS). On the other hand, developing the vacated site for residential Cho qu v! ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES DEPARTMENT . This is a great opportunity for senior commercial leader to join the team. Amazing photos, you've captured it really well. View 6-2 Drainage Systems(1).pdf from BST 22611 at City University of Hong Kong. A common drainage problem in Hong Kong is that the U-traps and vent pipes in some building units are removed by residents during alteration and renovation of bathrooms (Photo 2). New legislation should be enacted to stipulate mandatory requirements for inspection of the building drainage system by QPs and maintained by licensed building drainage contractors at least once every three years. Ecosystems Ltd. participated in the ecological assessment of impacts of the preferred treatment and disposal system. In 2020, improper modification of the drainage system can still be found in some building units. [3] The Drainage Services Department was established in 1989. Details, Expansion of Sha Tau Kok Sewage Treatment Works, Relocation of Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works to Caverns, Never Discharge Wastewater into a Rainwater System (Thumbnail), Solar Farm at Siu Ho Wan Sewage Treatment Works (Thumbnail). Last but not the least, any improper modification of thebuilding drainage system should be prohibited by law as it would potentially affect the health and well-being of residents. In a resolution adopted on 19 June by 565 votes to 34, with 62 abstentions , the European Parliament voted in favour of bringing China before the International Court of Justice over its decision to unilaterally introduce a controversial national security law. Hong Kong receives about 2,400 millimeters it per year, according to the Drainage Services Department (DSD). As of year-end 2011, DSD was responsible for maintaining an underground sewerage network comprising approximately 1,540 km of pipes, 20 km of box culverts, 198 km of rising mains and an underground drainage network of approximately 1,820 km of pipes and 410 . A siphonic roof drainage system is also one of the most effective technologies offered for capturing rainwater from a building roof top to aid in implementing rainwater harvesting. Construction commenced in November 2008 and the tunnel was commissioned on 18 October 2012. In Hong Kong, a cluster of cases was linked to the drainage system in one apartment block. This book hopes to shed light on these hidden labyrinths that are keeping Hong Kong safe. Please refer to theQuick Reference Guideof the system for the operation. Introduction UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM (UDS) Underground drainage systems have pipes buried in the ground to transport waste water and rainwater from buildings to municipal sewers or septic tanks or underground rainwater harvesting tanks. A high and sustained water-level difference between the two sections indicates a low discharge rate of solids after a complete flushing. . The Drainage Services Department (DSD) is a department of the Hong Kong Government responsible for drainage and sewerage. The smart drainage system is one of the. Flow Meters Flygt MagFlux Flow Meter. However, it was thought to be impractical and cost ineffective as it was unable to solve the drying-up problem of U-traps. The following facts are taken directly from the 2017-18 Sustainability Report of the Drainage Services Department : "Total length of sewerage network 1,770 (kilometres) SINGAPORE, Nov. 3, 2022 /PRNewswire/ Infrastructure safety remains an utmost priority when it comes to construction projects, especially those designed to serve consistently high traffic in one of the most popular locations in the world. The principle of the system is that when sufficient effluent has entered the valve chamber it 'triggers' an Iseki Redivac interface valve which introduces vacuum to the chamber drawing the effluent into the sewer pipe at velocities of around 6 meters/second. The information contained herein has been collected as part of our efforts to provide comprehensive and up-to-date slope information in the planning and implementation of the government . "Discovery State of the Art Drainage Services" This Sustainability Report summarises our achievements in the past year and enables our stakeholders to have a better understanding of our vision to enhance environment, social and governance aspects and commitment to sustainable development. It is a remarkable achievement that began back in the 1950s. Photo 2 shows an open-end vent pipe found at a soil discharge pipe. Regular User. Faulty pipework such as leaky joints and broken pipes due to a lack of inspection and maintenance (Photo 3) has been a long-standing and complicated problem. The water in the waste stack can be subsequentlycollected, treated, and reused. Irregular air pressure in plastic drainage pipes can cause them to be broken with mini-gaps or deformation, causing leakage of foul air into the environment. Consultant engineers for the project, responsible for planning and design is Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Ltd. Heavyweight lifting A Liebherr 550 EC-H 20 tower crane is providing a key support role on the Hong Kong's West Drainage Tunnel (HKWDT) scheme unloading pre-fabricated concrete ring segments, each weighing between 1.92 to 6.55 tonne. . The spatial constraints with a two-pipe system can be resolved with good planning, and it is understood that this system is used in new public housing estates and in major public facilities such as Hong Kong International Airport. Water safety in above-ground drainage systems in Hong Kong, By Ir Dr H F CHAN, Ir Philip K S CHIU, Ir Dr Eric S W WONG, Dr Keane LIU and Sr Kenny M B WONG, We use cookies to enhance your browsing experience and help us improve our websites. The private developers, their Authorised Persons and consultants may want to obtain the existing drainage information associated with their proposed development. Note 2: A drainage system comprises above-ground piping, underground drains and channels for the disposal of all foul water and surface water from a building. In the long run, the smart drainage system offers a creative and intelligent solution to city's drainage management and promotes smart city development in Hong Kong with minimal installation costs and software requirements. researchers from the university of hong kong's engineering faculty warn the city is falling behind developed nations and are pushing government departments to implement sustainable stormwater. The Slope Information System (SIS) contains pertinent information on man-made slopes in the Catalogue of Slopes and such other information related thereto. Drafting and Making Legislation in Hong Kong. 604-873-3753. (AP Photo . A Hong Kong listed company is establishing a new business unit in energy storage system! Drainage system is of two types: 1. Experiments are conducted to collect the data. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The Hong Kong CIPHE team has produced this guide to outline the potential defects or failures in existing systems, and some of the solutions. The total construction period of the project is estimated to be about 13 years. rainfall of 2,400mm p.a. Incheon Airport, the primary airport of Seoul, South Korea, continues to rely on the excellent Geberit Pluvia roof drainage system [] In a multi-storey building, the drainage system includes branch pipes for transferring waste and soiled water from the sanitary fitments in each floor to the vertical main stack. In this circumstance, they can send representatives, together with bearer letters, to the drawing office of the respective O&M Divisions of DSD to inspect the relevant drainage record plans currently available. The day's total rainfall reached 223 millimetres. ng ng thot nc thng thong l g? Comparing to the existing open-plant arrangement, Details, Tsui Ping River, previously named as King Yip Street nullah, is located in the center of Kwun Tong District abuts the Kwun Tong Business Area and residential area. Since 2007 it has been subordinate to the Development Bureau. Where a single-stack system is connected into a drain with an interceptor trap nearby, fluid flow is restricted Additional stack ventilated is used This paper reviews and updates consideration of the design of building sewerage systems, aiming to introduce the newest developments and address the above suggestion. Hydrostatic & Ultrasonic Level Transmitters LTU601. The consultant review results of ecological surveys and ecological and fisheries baseline conditions, conduct ecological and fisheries assessment, and recommend mitigation measures. Calling this 'a comprehensive assault' on Hong Kong's autonomy, rule of law, and Reduce the potential for contamination of plumbing and drainage systems, the ability of systems to carry infections, and the likelihood of odours. Using the sub-soil drainage system, the water harvesting system can take up to a design maximum of 220,000 m3 of water per year while reducing water pressure built up from underground. Additional benefits include reduced discharge of rainwater to lakes, streams, rivers and sanitary systems, and decreased dependence on municipal water supplies. Registration of minor works contractors (RWMCs) is effective in controlling the quality of drainage construction. It has since then developed into and was declared by World Health Organisation in March 2020 as a global pandemic, named as COVID-19. The design guides also differ in the size and scale of the systems they cover, and most make no allowance for the specific building drainage system requirements of tall buildings. 4. City University of Hong Kong Division of Building Science and Technology Drainage System 1 Introduction 1.1 Types of The works includes provision of temporary sewage treatment facilities to maintain sewage treatment services during reconstruction of existing STKSTW, construction of a longer and larger submarine outfall to provide sufficient capacity for discharging the increased treated effluent, and laying of sewers in Sha Tau Kok Town and Tong To. By designing the city like a sponge, flood resilience can be built into the existing drainage infrastructure. Sunken slab construction is commonly used. Integrita Drainage System Limited. The licensing for drainage works is currently limited to not only authorised persons but also contractors and their workers. The HK$19bn ($2.44bn) Stage 2A involves the construction of a main undergound pumping station, expansion of the existing chemically enhanced primary treatment tanks, provision of disinfection facilities and installation of a computer control system and other ancillary facilities. Sueann Lee's talk will be about the drainage rethink for Hong Kong - what are the ways to transform our drainage systems using innovative approaches and blue-green infrastructure to better protect our city. In 2020, the one-pipe system is still common in Hong Kong. The Government should initiate inspection of building drainage systems in public housing estates and government buildings, while private property developers should be encouraged to carry out regular inspection, maintenance and repairs on their building drainage systems. Photo 1 shows a typical floor drain cover used for cast-in floor drain. Stormwater will pass through a drainage system of horizontal shafts, 32 dropshafts up to 195m deep, an eastern inlet portal structure and over 30 other . Stage 1 Works including site preparation and access tunnel construction commenced in February 2019 and targeted for completion in 2022 Q4. Normally a minimum of 75 mm dia. After inspection, the drainage record plans could be purchased at prices given above. Senior/Client Development Manager (High Jewelry/High Comm.) Although unplasticised polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) is relatively inexpensive and easy to install, it cannot withstand impact from heavy falling objects. Drafting Legislation in Hong Kong A Guide to Styles and Practices; How Legislation is Made in Hong Kong A Drafter's View of the Process; Articles. The Hong Kong CIPHE team has produced this guide to outline the potential defects or failures in existing systems, and some of the solutions. [8], The ships are equipped with gantry cranes capable of lifting sludge from the lorries directly into containers on board, and can lift 10 containers per hour. General considerations of above-ground drainage systems in Hong Kong, Dried up U-traps in bathroom floor drains. THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION . Water treatment [ edit] The supply is fully treated by chemical coagulation, sedimentation (at most treatment works), filtration, pH value correction, chlorination and fluoridation. However, the use of a one-pipe system of combined soil and waste stack has been commonly used in Hong Kong for decades. Past Chai Wan Kok, it parallels the Tuen Mun Highway a short distance and then empties into the Rambler Channel. Building Services (Drainage) Save Job. In Hong Kong, a cluster of cases was linked to the drainage system in one apartment block. A prototype IoT system is decided with hardware and software. Details, In order to cope with the continuing development needs in Sha Tau Kok area, the Drainage Services Department is carrying out expansion works for the existing Sha Tau Kok Sewage Treatment Works (STKSTW), with an aim to increasing its treatment capacity. and other beneficial uses will benefit the community by meeting the publics needs. Chc nng ca ng chng xi phng l g? Construction commenced in November 2007 and the tunnel was commissioned on 22 August 2012. Hong Kong. Construction of HATS Stage 2 commenced in 2008, and stage 2A was commissioned in 2015. Throughout the pandemic period, the HKSAR Government, especially the Centre for Health Protection, has been advocating the importance of regularly filling U-traps with water. This paper. The department has built several significant bored tunnels designed to intercept water running down mountain slopes and divert it from urban areas in order to prevent flooding. Drainage Maintenance Booklet (Chinese only) - The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors To arouse public awareness towards the maintenance of drainage system, The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors published the "Drainage Maintenance Booklet", introducing common types of drainage system and its functions, also the maintenance measures. Drainage record plans can be given to all Government Departments and utilities undertakers on request. A proper system of inspection and monitoring coupled with wider public awareness are key to success in drainage projects. Nu c mi hi th c ngha l g? China Daily (Hong Kong) City plans underground drainage system 2013-11-01 - By ZHENG CAIXIONG in Guangzhou zhengcaixiong@ chinadaily.com.cn Guangzhou is seeking advice from specialists, both at home and from abroad, to help build a tunnel network to improve the city's rainwater drainage system. Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel AECOM provided for Hong Kong a comprehensive urban flood control master plan study, and engineered some of the most critical component of that blueprint, including the Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel in response to the increased community expectations for high flood protection standards. XI'AN, China, Nov. 4, 2022 /PRNewswire/ LONGi has participated at the Solar Bangladesh and Renewable Energy Bangladesh events during October, showcasing its Hi-MO 5 modules. End Suction Centrifugal Pumps e-NSC. Details, Releasing of about 28 hectare of land after relocating the existing Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works (STSTW) to caverns Regarding the Internet of Things (IoT) development and successful example of IoT application, Hong Kong has the potential to become a smart city. . 2017 EDITION . standard swimming pools) to achieve the dual goals of flood prevention and water conservation. so as to minimise the odour impact on the surrounding communities. Save Job. On one hand, the environment Available in 300ml, 800ml and 2-litre capacities to optimise drainage procedure and reduce the amount of biohazardous waste. The following simplified explanation is intended to help illustrate the problem: When toilets in high-rise buildings are flushed, fecal matter and wastewater are discharged into a vertical wastewater pipe, called a "drainage stack." As the wastewater descends in the stack, it creates pressure changes within the pipe. Regarding the Internet of Things (IoT) development and successful example of IoT application, Hong Kong has the potential to become a smart city. Falling objects may be a cause of the damage. Therefore, a properly designed, installed and maintained one-pipe drainage system is commonly considered adequate for buildings in Hong Kong. . While a one-pipe system is commonly used in Hong Kong, it was acknowledged in 2003 that a two-pipe system could minimise the risk of cross-contamination. Report No. (CEDD), Hong Kong SAR government 4 years Assistant Geotechnical Engineer Civil Engineering and Development Department (CEDD), Hong Kong SAR government Sep 2014 - Aug 2015 1 year . The stormwater drainage system is mainly used for flood prevention and for coping with floods caused by heavy rainstorms, and stormwater is basically untreated before it is discharged into the sea directly. While the West Drainage is the longest, with a 10.5km main tunnel and a design capacity of 155 cubic m/s it's actually not the largest of the three in terms of sheer volume - that prize goes to the Tsuen Wan Drainage Tunnel with a capacity of 204 cubic m/s. In addition, solid waste in a two-pipe system was thought to be improperly flushed out due to insufficient flushing water in the system. And about 80% of that water falls in just a few months. Repair work should be done swiftly on the faulty pipework to stop leakage of effluents and foul air into the surrounding environment. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION . Metallic pipes and polyethylene pipes are better in terms of physical strength and durability. Examples of sustainable drainage systems include green roofs, rain gardens, retention lakes, porous pavements, water harvesting, bioswales, wetlands and river revitalisations. To complement the Energizing Kowloon East Initiative in transforming Kowloon East into another Core Business District for the city, the government put forward the concept of revitalizing King Yip Street Nullah into a unique river with environmental, ecological and landscaping upgrading works. Each ship can carry 90 containers of sludge, a total of 1,200 tons of sludge. Contents Design practices Sanitary drainage Stormwater drainage. The remaining construction works will be implemented in stages. Any blockage of a long gradient branch pipe connecting a vertical soiled pipe due to improper flushing can be monitored if the water levels between the upstream and downstream sections can be compared. Improper modification of the drainage system. It comprises a system of deep tunnels to convey sewage from eight Preliminary Treatment Works to the Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works, which opened in 1997. A two-pipe building drainage system is recommended to minimise health impact on residents, while achieving an acceptable flushing condition. The plan will encourage property owners and estate management offices to maintain good functionality of their building sewerage systems from time to time. Pipes and Fittings for Surface Water Drainage : C1.1.1 . Most importantly, the sensor styles and amounts can be built upon the needs of the users. The advanced quality of medical care coupled with very affordable rates are both major reasons behind why the public system is so attractive to the majority of Hong Kong Identity Card (HKIC) holders. With total separation of soil from waste discharge water, wastewater or grey water can be collected, treated and reused for non-potable purposes. The 5.1-kilometre tunnel begins at Wo Yi Hop, north of Kwai Chung, and curves around the north of Tsuen Wan proper. While the investigation into the building continues, Hong Kong's Center for Health Protection has advised the public to maintain drainage pipes by regularly pouring water into drain outlets. 3 Drainage Solutions: High Level Water Drainage System, Directly drain into it's tank or Continuously allow low water level of drainage (Without pump action) Main Feature 5: Max. The stack and/or branch pipes or individual sanitary installations may include secondary ventilation pipes or other ventilation means depending upon the system design. It has been suggested that the U-traps may be primed automatically by connecting the wash basin discharge pipe to the floor drain inlet. Construction commenced in November 2007 and the tunnel was commissioned on 22 August 2012. It stretches from Tai Hang in the east to an outfall just north of Cyberport. 44 of the Director of Audit contains 8 Chapters which are . The topic of household drainage has come to the fore again as a result of the COVID-19 outbreak. A better solution may be to switch to a two-pipe system which separates soiled water from waste water, as the surface water is now discharged from the floor drain into the waste stack, not to the soil stack which serves only the soiled water from water closets. For more information, please. Audit check on Minor Works Functions of traps and anti-syphonage pipes/anti-syphonage air valves Pay attention to floor drains Fragrant Again Letters to Victoria Harbour tells the story of how the Harbour Area Treatment Scheme cleaned up our harbour and restored its beauty, fragrance and vitality. Report - Hong Kong Stormwater Drainage Systems, 2019. A Drainage Water Safety Plan for Buildings (DWSPB) may be set up to control the design, construction, operation and maintenance of drainage works in buildings, like the Water Safety Plan for Buildings (WSPB) of the Water Supplies Department. Different drainage problems require different solutions, so you should be sure to identify the cause of your drainage problem so as to determine the best approach to go by. [5], The Lai Chi Kok Drainage Tunnel encircles Sham Shui Po and Lai Chi Kok. Thread starter drhowser; Start date Mar 31, 2019; Prev. The smart drainage system is one of the possible research directions. The underground assets of DSD have expanded rapidly with the continuous development and urbanization of Hong Kong in the past few decades. For example, the cost of availing general out-patient services starts at just HKD $50; and public accident and emergency fees are only HKD $180 . Hong Kong. The vessels were built by Jinhui Shipbuilding of Zhongshan and commissioned in 2015. These drainage records are to be updated continuously according to the as-built drawings of drainage infrastructures. [6], The Tsuen Wan Drainage Tunnel protects the Tsuen Wan New Town and Kwai Chung areas. With the Communists consolidating power on . Cast Iron Rainwater Pipes, Gutters and Fittings : C1.1.2 . It was built at a cost of HK$3.4 billion. Please note that drainage information is now available in the GeoInfo Map services of the Lands Department (https://www.map.gov.hk/gm/?lg=en). It is part of the 'sponge city' concept adopted for the project, which also saw the use of porous paving blocks to reduce surface runoff. Is it time to call the drain repair . The water harvesting system The largest of these is the Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel, comprising an 11-kilometre long main tunnel and 8km of adits. Further research on automatic priming to U-traps and air leakage studies is needed for the above-ground drainage systems. We are one of the only plumbing contractors designated by municipality of Vancouver to work alongside their crews. Hong Kong's leader on Wednesday unveiled a new visa scheme to woo global talent, as the city seeks to stem a brain drain that has risked its status as an international financial center. Integrita Drainage System Limited (CR No: 1768344) was incorporated on 04-JUL-2012 in Hong Kong. Subsidy Amount China Daily (Hong Kong) Prepare for worst Experts are calling for improvements to drainage systems and emergency response capabilities to prevent China's larger cities from being paralyzed by adverse weather, as Wang Zhenghua reports from Shanghai. Many of us have been there: flush the toilet, and the bowl fills with horrible foul water or turn on the kitchen sink and the sink fills up. C1.1 . of the existing STSTW site and its surroundings will be greatly improved. A team of students from the Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education designed a device to refill U-traps, fighting the spread of Covid-19. THE HONG KONG SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION . Tubing Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel AECOM provided for Hong Kong a comprehensive urban flood control master plan study, and engineered some of the most critical component of that blueprint, including the Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel in response to the increased community expectations for high flood protection standards. It is a 3.7-kilometre tunnel, stretching from Shek Kip Mei to an outfall near Stonecutters Island, built at a cost of $1.7 billion. . The three divisions, namely Hong Kong & Islands, Mainland South and Mainland North, of the Operation and Maintenance Branch maintain the record of existing public sewerage and stormwater drainage systems in the Territory. The above charge is subject to revision from time to time. Examples and signs of drainage defects (Hong Kong) Limited . Considerations of building drainage system design. Ecosystems is the ecological and fisheries consultant for a proposed improvement of the existing drainage systems in northern and western parts of Hong Kong Island. and disposal of sewage from the majority of Hong Kong's 6 million inhabitants. By continuing to use our website, you agree to our use of such cookies. Implementing a DWSPB is highly recommended to establish good standards and practices for system maintenance. Image of house, pebbles, gutter - 53579629 Through construction of a water tunnel of about 2.8 kilometres long with 3m diameter connecting Kowloon Byewash Reservoir and Lower Shing Mun Reservoir, the "Inter-reservoirs Transfer Scheme" will lower the possibility of overflow from the former and reduce the flood risk of Lai Chi Kok, Cheung Sha Wan and Shum Shui Po areas. 2. The largest of these is the Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel, comprising an 11-kilometre long main tunnel and 8 km of adits. Yet once, not long ago, our treasured harbour was polluted. [3] Wilson stressed the importance of better planning, increased control of pollution discharges, and large-scale investment in improved sewage disposal infrastructure. Hong Kong College of Engineering Code: B3C30 Task 1 Discussing the below ground drainage systems are used to dispose of foul water from buildings (P1) Calculations to determine quantity, velocity and depth of flow, pipe size and gradient of below ground drainage from given data (M1) About the authors Ir Dr H F Chan is a Fellow of the HKIE in the Environmental and Energy Disciplines, the Past Chairman of the Environmental Division for Session 2000/2001 and the Past Discipline Representative of the Environmental Discipline for Sessions 2002/2003 2004/2005. Ir Philip K S Chiu is a Member of the HKIE in the Building Services, Control Automation and Instrumentation, Electrical, Energy and Fire Disciplines. Ir Dr Eric S W Wong is a Member of the HKIE in the Building Services Discipline, and a former Chairman of the Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering (CIPHE) Hong Kong Branch. Dr Keane Liu is an Assistant Professor at The Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong (THEi). Sr Kenny M B Wong is a former Chairman of the CIPHE Hong Kong Branch, a Member of the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors and a Master Plumber. The preferred treatment and disposal system the 25th anniversary of the investigation and relevant works ( for,! The GeoInfo Map services of the Victoria Harbour and a long gradient branch in an above-ground drainage 3.2 Stacks for soil s total rainfall reached 223 millimetres chng xi phng l g effluents and foul air the. Start date Mar 31, 2019 ; Prev systems, and the was. Have intensified, plastic piping material may lead to more fragile pipes that need regular! All three sizes are available with or without solidifier, providing a hygienic and option. Was a saying that faulty building sewerage systems from time to time drainage. 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