The books were the standard government textbooks for this grade level, so the fact that they were in a language that most children could not read reflected the overambitious, elite orientation of the Kenyan curriculum at the time. Any remaining errors are my own. At the same time, the principles of systems thinking make us aware that there are no perfect solutions; the choices we make will have an impact on other parts of the system. Table 1 shows a simplified illustration of the elements, relationships, and functions of the marine ecosystem. They are directly accountable to parents and communities in the voice and choice relationship, but they are also accountable to their supervisors at the school or district level, in the management relationship. 2020. Applied Systems Thinking for Health Systems Research: A Methodological Handbook. Education systems in many low- and middle-income countries have a long way to go to deliver education of the quality that Vietnamese students enjoy. The CEO attributes the decline to the emergence of a new competitor on the scene. Applying systems thinking in your organisation makes you and your team become better problem-solvers in that it allows you to ask better questions to reach a conclusion or make informed an decision. Webinar 3 presents two case studies. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Receive updates of new articles and save your favorites. How are the individuals in the scenarios demonstrating systems thinking? ark:/28722/h21j9797p, Muralidharan, K. and Singh, A. Therefore optimizing local teams or functional departments does not enhance the flow of value through the enterprise. - Peter Senge, Founding Chair, Society for Organizational Learning, Senior Lecturer, MIT, David and Michael helped us streamline nearly 100 recommendations for increasing upward mobility in our community into a coherent systemic theory of change. https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-RI_2020/022, Le Nestour, A., Moscoviz, L., and Sandefur, J. https://riseprogramme.org/blog/system-failure-school-management-reform-india, Voice & Choice. n.d. Edsyclopedia. For example, in some systems there are schools that fall under the authority of the Ministry of Education, and other schools that are managed by a religious authority. Learning Outcomes in Developing Countries: Four Hard Lessons from PISA-D. Pritchett, L. and Viarengo, M. 2021. Conservation Challenges of Predator Recovery: Conservation Challenges of Predator Recovery. The Long-Term Decline of School Quality in the Developing World., London, J. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 2003. Why is systems thinking useful or not useful in this scenario? In many systems there are other government or non-government organisations that executive, legislative, and fiduciary authorities also delegate education responsibilities to. As a result, the teachers who did not receive the NGO training made significantly fewer changes to their teaching practices than those who received training. Five actions to accelerate progress in learning, Edsyclopedia: The education systems wiki, Applying Systems Thinking to Education: The RISE Systems Framework, https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198747482.001.0001/acprof-9780198747482, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2020/052, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-RI_2020/020, https://edsyclopedia.org/Delegation_in_Politics, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-RI_2020/022, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2021/062, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2020/056, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.12.002, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2015/005, https://doi.org/10.35489/BSG-RISE-WP_2021/069, https://riseprogramme.org/blog/system-failure-school-management-reform-india, https://edsyclopedia.org/Voice_%26_Choice, https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/learning-poverty, What We Learned from Our RISE Baseline Diagnostic Exercise, Teachers, parents, students, schools, ministries, teaching, and learning materials, e.g., Teacher training as part of new curriculum or pedagogical approach, Performance of agent is the endogenous, or organic, outcomes of the interactions between the actors in the system. World Bank. An overall alignment can be identifiedby defining the organisations that comprise each relationship and then asking what delegation, finance, information, management, support, and motivation look like from the perspective of both the principal and the agent in the relationship. Instead, focus on items that people seem to be glossing over and try to arouse the groups curiosity about the problem under discussion. These others include: Relationships may have overlapping or complementary alignments. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. Without the aim, there is no system. They are often regulated by government and operate with the implicit or explicit permission of government. https://doi.org/10.7864/j.ctt1gpccb8, Pritchett, L. 2015. It can be easy to grasp the connection between the feedback relationships and emergent properties of tangible systems, like that of ocean life, but it can be harder to see these connections in social systems like education. Since in most countries the Ministry of Finance is tightly controlled either by the executive or the legislature (depending on how budgeting is conducted) the framework groups them together as a joint agent in this relationship. Causal Loop Diagrams. To deliver learning for all children, the interactions between teachers and students in tens of millions of classrooms around the world will need to improve. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. In interviews and focus groups both teachers and students noted this dissonance. 2021. By providing a structured approach to understanding and analysing the components and interactions of an education system, the RISE Framework can help diagnose the problems their education systems face and consider the best ways to intervene to make meaningful improvement. This leads to a leaner, smarter enterprise that can better navigate organization and solution development complexities. What incoherences may have undermined the success of the training programme in this case? Access and attainment: Elements of the relationship of accountability are aligned around expanding enrolment and grade attainment. This incoherence in what is being delegated at different levels of the system may cause confusion. In this way, the principal in the compact relationship acts as a conduit to convey the objectives of the politics relationship to the organisations responsible for delivery of education. Building State Capability: Evidence, Analysis, Action. How might the parts of the system be related or connected in the example? Applying systems thinking to UX design. These elements interact with each other via relationships: the parents send their children to school, the teachers teach the students, the teachers are employed by the school, and the school is managed by the ministry, and so on. Michael Goodman is principal at Innovation Associates Organizational Learning, When something goes wrong in an organization, the first question that is often posed is, Whose fault is, Despite significant advances in personal computers and systems thinking software over the last decade, learning to apply systems, Managers in todays organizations are continually confronted with new challenges and increased performance expectations. Since education systems are complex, a structured framework for characterising their features can help identify problems and the way towards solutions to overcome them. Rushing to point to a solution to improve teacherstudent interactions ignores the fact that teachers and students are embedded in larger systems that might be the cause of their poor performance and that determine the scope for intervention to improve it. n.d. Learning Poverty. Accessed March 10, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/education/brief/learning-poverty, Spivack, M. 2021. To take a specific example from marine life, in the Pacific Northwest killer whale populations have been steadily rising since the mid 1980sa victory for conservation of this endangered species. The RISE Education Systems Framework2 The prospectus suggests three potential explanations: (1) our analysis methods do not discover the underlying causes of events, or (2) learning from experience does not work as it is supposed to do, or (3) learning is happening in the wrong places. What aspects does the manager in the scenario have right? $46.62. Some of the most effective loops reveal connections or relationships between parts of the organization or system that the group may not have noticed before. This reflects a high degree of coherence for learning in delegation and finance across multiple relationships of accountability in the Vietnamese system. Edwards Deming Students, parents, and communities can hold schools and teachers accountable for education primarily in two ways: through exercising their voice to exert pressure on a school or teacher to change, or by using exit (i.e., choice) to leave a school or teacher they are unhappy with and select a different one. It may seem like there is an invisible hand creating the economy or a mother nature orchestrating evolution, but these features emerge from system pressures, not from any intentional plan. The most common alignment in education systems is alignment for access and attainment. 2020. World Bank Staff. The Rebirth of Education: Schooling Aint Learning. Youre recognizing the leverage points for the classic systems stories. Recognize that systems thinking is a lifelong practice. RISE Working Paper Series. These design elements describe the nature of the relationship between the principal and the agent in terms of what the principal asks the agent to do, how the principal equips the agent to do it, and monitors and incentivises their performance. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Outlier Vietnam and the Problem of Embeddedness: Contributions to the Political Economy of Learning. Across the rows of two relationships, frontline providers. We could point to any one of these as the cause or proximate determinant of her low learning outcomes at the end of primary school (Pritchett, 2015). Write down your answers. All rights reserved. The number of elements in a loop should be determined by the needs of the story and of the people using the diagram. The alignment for access and attainment in most education systems is evidenced by the rapid expansion in enrolment and grade attainment over the last 50 years. Failing to develop a diagnostic understanding of the problem can lead to a false conclusion about the cause, and to an intervention solution that has little effect on learning (see the example below). Changing just one element of teachers employmenttheir salarywithout changing anything else about the system that the teachers were embedded in did not change their behaviour.

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